Aristotle on Nobility and Pleasure free essay sample

The admirers of what is respectable find wonderful the things that are ordinarily lovely; and idealistic activities are such; Their life, subsequently, has no further need of delight as a kind of extrinsic appeal, however has joy In Itself. Morals, 1. 8 Aristotle was an understudy under Plato, and despite the fact that he didn't trust In the otherworldly Forms that Plato so immovably had confidence in, he applied a component of the hypothesis behind the Forms.Instead, what Aristotle hypothesized was that there was some extreme, some last objective to which we as a whole reach, however as opposed to being some unreachable objective, it was straightforward: joy. Bliss shows itself in the entirety of our activities, regardless of whether its a cognizant procedure or not, yet when we are really cheerful is the point at which we do things that are prudent and noteworthy. Also, rather than being some dormant piece of another objective, Aristotle expressed that joy was the objective, that t here was no higher structure to accomplish past. In section seven of Book One, Aristotle is practically dubious as he attempts and characterizes what joy Seems to be, and all the more significantly, why joy Is pivotal to the human capacity, and In truth expresses that nor should we request to know an easygoing clarification In all issues the same (1 Bibb). Contrasting It with basic realities that are an earlier, similar to when managing major standards, he concedes that it can't be characterized so effectively nor so rapidly. He at that point battles, in part eight, to characterize joy. It is, as per him, a sort of good life and prosperity; excellence blocks activity just as thought.It is likewise interchangeable with ethicalness: despite the fact that upright demonstrations are, all in all, not wonderful ordinarily C] men who love what is respectable get delight based on what is normally charming (AAA). Aristotle likewise makes an understood partition of satisfaction that is inherent Moisakos C] and a liveliness that is delivered through human exertion and goodness, denudation. In any case, it appears as though there Is an Inherent defect in his viewpoint for the individuals who are not favors with Moisakos and come up short on the methods (political associations, riches, height, and whatnot) to do an activity that would satisfy somebody. In section ten, he even ventures to such an extreme as to inquire as to whether a man could genuinely be called cheerful In the course of his life, in light of the fact that numerous progressions and a wide range of possibilities will come upon a man over an amazing span. Its difficult to imagine that a circumstance that would be outside of his mean would not present itself sooner or later. Aristotle contends that since activities that are reliable with temperance are the most steady of all the human capacities, and in this way despite the fact that various circumstances to which he can't answer may come to pass for him, they are setbacks and don't hold a similar quality of perpetual quality which characterizes prudence (and consequently, happiness).He concedes that these circumstances 0 disasters or fortunes as they might be C] do make life progressively alluring, or deface its appeal, and influence bliss on a marginally shallow level, however Aristotle Is fast to call attention to that since excellence Is changeless, that It radiates through paying little mind to the circumstance If the man Is genuinely crazy. There are a few Instances where the hypothesis may appear not to be dollars may be exceptionally glad without a doubt with all his freshly discovered riches. Yet, I think shallow happiness.Eventually, there are various things that would change his satisfaction: the determination of the cash, his morals and how he either has none or has invaded them looking for material riches, etc. By breaking down how he got the cash, the criminal is compelled to confront not just how he is deceitful enough he is to have taken the cash from honest individuals, yet additionally the way that he has relinquished the entirety of his ethics that would typically keep him from taking. The speculative case of the hoodlum is marginally deceptive, however; in light of the way that Aristotle characterizes happiness.In the given circumstance, the cheat gathers cash so he can hypothetically spend it on material products, etc, so the cycle proceeds with somewhat more. As indicated by Aristotle, joy doesn't require anything further: it is a conclusion to itself. A superior model may rather be the situation of a man who goes into a consuming house to spare a newborn child. In spite of the fact that he may undoubtedly get acknowledgment and be viewed as a legend, Aristotle contends that the genuine explanation that the man goes into the fire is cause it is the proper activity. What's more, the best activity 0 the respectable activity additionally compares to satisfaction. Despite the fact that the man may have differed inspirations to spare the youngster, all the potential inspirations can be followed back to one, driving and comprehensive want, the craving to be upbeat. One may likewise bring up a case wherein being straightforward or righteous would appear to bring despondency. For example, an individual who has neglected to proclaim something she needs to pay charges for, yet has pulled off it. She could either not carry herself to consideration, and spare strip of dollars, or be straightforward and report the mistake and pay the bill.It would appear that the last choice would really bring pressure and despondency, in spite of what Aristotle claims. However, on the off chance that you look further, despite the fact that the lady may eat cold heated beans out of a tin and wish shed been exploitative, over the long haul, shell have the option to think back and value her trustworthiness and like herself for not forsaking her ethics. Furthermore, this is actually what Aristotle is stating; that you can be glad just for being straightforward. No other ulterior intention, Just for the sheer joy of having the option to hold on what you trust in.No other quality or human trademark can motivate such a great amount in its own safeguard, nor is some other trademark so consistent. Taking everything into account, despite the fact that Aristotle strains to characterize satisfaction and what it incorporates, he sets boundaries that characterize it as a lifestyle, not Just profound quality in thought or conviction. Satisfaction is interchangeable with ethicalness, and both block activity just as thought. In any case, in the event that you are ethical, at that point your bliss will supplant any potential incidents you may have throughout everyday life and the perpetual quality of righteousness will abrogate the brief influences of the results of mishap as well as fortune.

The Tower Pig Essay -- essays research papers

What happens when regardless of all chances, enemy becomes companion? What occurs, when an unbounded and ceaseless gap between people is filled, and a void of doubt, disdain and partiality is supplanted with increasingly honorable qualities, for example, understanding and a feeling of common regard? These are among the topics in the American short story, â€Å"The Tower Pig.† The story is set behind, and outside, the dividers of the Thomaston Penitentiary in present day America. The story basically rotates around a youngster who endures the hardships of detainment in an American remedial office. The hero is all through the story tended to just by his last name, Caine. Caine communicates inconceivable indignation he feels for one of the superintendents, a pariah loathed by partners and detainees the same, and who is ordinarily known as â€Å"The Tower Pig† by all the detainees at the office. â€Å"Pain, euphoria, stress, are protected away until the cell entryways pummel and we’re alone in our isolation. For ten days in the gap, I had nothing to do except for abhor Strazinsky, the Tower Pig, for putting me there, and to grieve my grandma, at long last to wiped out to visit.† When we are first acquainted with Caine, he has quite recently come out of â€Å"The Hole.† The Hole is apparently a slang articulation for a non-whipping, which infers the utilization of confinement for the included guilty party. This kind of discipline is generally conveyed as a response to a disciplinary offense; this is additionally the situation with Caine. Caine put in the gap in light of a verbal battle with Strazinsky. While Caine without a doubt sees Strazinsky as answerable for his discipline, it appears, thinking back in review, that he is completely mindful that he himself was at fault; yet all Caine’s internal strife and outrage is diverted into his loathe for Strazinsky, and the fierceness towards his most despised foe keeps on blasting. Detainment will in general debilitatingly affect both brain and body the same. Thusly so as to counter a psychological breaking, one must send exteriors, veneers that show quality and essentialness, since any conduct communicating the smallest attribute of shortcoming will be gone after by the two prisoners and superintendents. Caine appears to be completely mindful of this, and ju diciously figures out how to keep every one of his feelings of trepidation and questions to himself. Caine is enormously upset after finding out about the demise of his dearest grandma, the one individual who, in spite of him being detained, still figured out how to show him both... ... wanted closeness of psyche is the thing that we call fellowship. Be that as it may, unfortunately, in this current world managed by the disruptive soul of ravenousness and debasement, it is unimaginable to expect to accomplish this closeness of psyche to any value while profundity with just anybody. The psyches of potential companions must from the start as of now have a common feeling of fondness, not founded on anything other than a baffling feeling of compatibillity. Despite the fact that Strazinsky and Caine barely fit the basic meaning of fellowship, it appears that the two offer a larger number of musings than either would mind to concede, genuine introduction of the internal identity to another isn't simple, yet this is actually what Strazinsky does. Strazinsky opens himself in an earnest way to a man, whom he knows scorns him with everything that is in him. This valiant demonstration at first just serves to befuddle Caine. It is, nonetheless, my feeling that Caine, albeit hesitant to begin a discussion with Strazinsky, out of nowhere starts to take a gander at the superintendent in an alternate manner. The hole among detainee and superintendent is as plainly obvious as can be; regardless, it is my unmistakable conviction that the odds of a fellowship emerging from the cinders of a past ill will, could for this situation be practical without a doubt.

Weekly ass. #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week by week ass. #1 - Essay Example My experience of the raging stage was noticeable in a class gathering of a minor subject. The gathering was contained understudies of various fields and had little similitudes, just as scholarly language. It took a lot of quarreling before we got the opportunity to play out the errand doled out by the teacher. The vast majority of today’s work environment require the accompanying delicate abilities: 1) proactive mentality, which was portrayed as â€Å"the manner to state yes instead of no† and set apart by a readiness to â€Å"help and take action;† 2) critical thinking, which is involved the issue finding and the issue forming stages; 3) offer types of assistance, which is a help direction dependent on consistency, genuineness, and care; 4) collaboration, which is the â€Å"ability to be well disposed and work with others in organized groups;† and 5) relational abilities, which is described by the effectivity and effectiveness in passing on â€Å"ideas and information† (Tarnogol, 2010). The importance of having such abilities gets clear in the association with or between â€Å"difficult people† (Rao, 2010, p.

Immigration law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Movement law - Essay Example Likewise, they gave data with respect to the financial privileges of refuge as deciphered by the UK courts. Question A. Throughout the years, clashes of all measurements have tormented a few nations over the world; mistreatment, brutality, and war have been taking spots in certain pieces of the world by virtue of political conclusion, religion, race, and nationality among others accounts. Thus, residents of the influenced nations regularly will in general flee from their nations and look for asylum in outside nations that they regard to be sheltered and where their human rights won't be damaged nor their lives undermined. This reality has provoked worldwide associations like the United Nations, provincial mixes like the European Union, and countries need to build up shows, settlements, legal instruments, and residential enactment identifying with outcasts and haven seeking.1 A shelter searcher has been characterized as an individual who has flied from their nation of beginning and ha s applied for security in a remote nation as a refugee.2 Such an individual professes to be a displaced person yet those cases are yet to be approved by applicable national, local, or global specialists. In this way, the meaning of the term â€Å"asylum-seeker† is depended on the meaning of the term â€Å"refugee†. ... eligion.3 However, until such cases by such an individual is assessed and approved by applicable experts in the nation the person in question is looking for refuge, the individual will be considered as a â€Å"asylum seeker†. European Convention on Human Rights 1950 is one of the principle worldwide and European arrangements or understandings that identifies with displaced people and refuge searchers. The Convention targets ensuring crucial opportunities and maintaining human rights in Europe. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is built up under the Convention, its fundamental design being to shield people paying little mind to their nationality from infringement of their human rights. People who feel that their human rights have been abused by a part state under the Convention are allowed to start legitimate procedures against a part state in that court.4 However, numerous individuals and foundations concur that Article 3 of the Convention doesn't direct a base standar d of social help for those out of luck or even a programmed government assistance commitment towards refuge searchers. It is no uncertainty that the refuge searchers are in critical need of social help; really, the very feeling of haven chasing. Social help to haven searchers is significant in causing them to feel that they are thought about and have a feeling of having a place even in an outside nation. Social help assets to refuge searchers incorporate yet not restricted to the accompanying: friendship to make a feeling of having a place; enthusiastic help; educational help as far as guidance with respect to â€Å"live† in those specific nations, just as budgetary help to guarantee that they can achieve the essential degree of sustenance.5 Article 3 of the Convention is general and will in general spread the general parts of shelter searchers. All things considered, the base standard of social

Top Programming Languages Used in Web Development

Top Programming Languages Used in Web Development With the popularity and advancements in web technology, it is imperative for every business to have a website and one which is highly functional and visually attractive. The process through which a good website, mobile apps or other similar platforms are created is known as web development.One of the most integral aspects of web development is web programming that is achieved with the help of programming languages. Web development languages are the platforms through which instructions are communicated to a machine and actions are pursued. © Shutterstock.com | DanielalaIn this article, we shall learn more about 1) web development and programming languages as well as 2) focus on the most popular programming languages in the world.WEB DEVELOPMENT: AN INTRODUCTIONWeb development is a term that is used to refer to the process of creating a website and can range from developing a single simple page to a series of complex pages. Web development encompasses several actions or practices and some of them include web design, content creation, programming, network security tasks as well as client side or server side scripting, etc. In the recent few years, web development has taken the definition of the creation of content management systems or CMS, which is the mid-step between the user and the database. In order to pursue web development as a profession, one of the most important things that you will need to consider is having expertise in programming languages.WHAT ARE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES?A programming language is used to c ontrol the actions of a machine. Such a language is a properly drafted or constructed language when it is designed in such a way that through it instructions can be communicated to a computer system. Ever since the invention of computers, thousands of programming languages have been created, and more are being created every year.A programming language is generally split into two components that are the semantics and the syntax. Where on one hand the syntax is the form or type, the semantics are the meaning of that type or form. Every programming language is different; where on one hand, some may be marked by a specification documents, others may have a dominant implementation or a reference. A programming language thus broadly is a notation that helps to write programs that are identified as an algorithm.Traits of a programming languageThe features or characteristics of a programming language can be referred to as its traits. The following are the three main traits of such languages that you must know about:Abstractions Most of the programming languages have certain rules that help us define or mark the data structures as well as manipulate the way in which the commands are executed. These rules are referred to as abstractions. Every language needs to be supported by sufficient abstractions and this need is defined by the abstraction principle. The abstraction principle in some cases is derived as the recommendations given to a web programmer so that he/she makes the correct use of abstractions.Function and target When you make use of a programming language, then besides doing the writing work on your own, you also need the help of the computer system that performs the computation work or controls the algorithm. The computer also controls the external devices associated such as the printer, the robots, etc. Thus, the complete definition of a programming language includes a description or a machine or processor that has been idealized for that language. This is one reason why programming languages differ from human languages of interaction.Expressive power Languages are mostly classified by the computations that they are able to express. This very expressive power is yet another trait of programming languages and is an important one.Factors to be considered when choosing a programming languageSince there are so many different types of programming languages, it can be difficult for a web developer to select which one to use and which one to leave. There are certain factors on the basis of a decision can be made, and they are given as follows:Targeted platform The first thing you need to decide is where the program will be run. Not all languages are capable of running on all kinds of platforms. For example, a program written in C language requires compilers to run on Windows and Linux based systems.Language domain match The language must be chosen on the basis of the problem domain that you have. One of the better ways to do so is by s earching that language others in the same domain or industry are using or by trying to look for a code that resolves the issues that you may have.Efficiency The compilers that go well with the language you choose must be efficient so as to make the language perform fast.Elasticity and Performance The language you choose must be flexible enough to let you add more programs or features in it. Also, its overall performance must be to your suitability and liking.Availability of libraries There must be a library that is capable of solving all your problems with the language that you select for web development.Project size There are two types of programming’s: large and small. You must select a language that can support your cause and suits the project size well.Expressiveness Time to production Make sure you pick that language that is highly expressive and the time taken to produce the programs or codes is not very bothersome to you.Tool support Buy a tool-oriented language that offers you many elements and ways to edit, control and work. © Flickr | Duncan HullTHE MOST POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGESThe universe of programming languages is wide and knowing all or learning each one of them is neither practical nor possible. If you are a developer who is interested in learning the most useful and popular ones, then you must first know which ones of the thousands of languages to learn. Thankfully, there are certain websites and platforms that create lists of the top languages, according to their popularity. The list of the top 15 programming languages of this year are given below, and it is clear that JavaScript is the most popular followed closely by Java, Python, and others.Top 15 programming languages in 2015JavaScriptJavaPythonCSSPHPRubyC++CShellC#Objective CRVimLGoPerlLet’s learn about some of these top languages in detail.1.     JavaScriptJavaScript is one of the most popular and dynamic programming languages used for creating and developing websites. This language is capable of achieving several things including controlling the browser, editing content on a document that has been displayed, allowing client-side scripts to communicate with users and also asynchronous communication. It was developed by Netscape and borrows a lot of its syntax from C language. JavaScript is used very widely and effectively in creating desktop applications as well as for developing games.One of the best things about JavaScript for you as a developer or a website owner is that this is one of the few programming languages that are accepted and supported by all the major browsers without the need of any compilers or plug-ins. It can also be worked with on platforms that are not web-based, for example-desktop widgets and PDF docs. This is a multi-paradigm language which means that it has a combination of features. Also, JavaScript supports functional and object-oriented programming styles.The features of a language define the way it will work, the way it responds, how easy is its code and what it can achieve. The f ollowing are some of the main features of JavaScript programming language for your reference:Structured JavaScript is a highly structured language with a proper and planned syntax that has been derived from C. This language too has a function scoping by it lacks block scoping, unlike C. It too differentiates between statements and expressions, just like the fundamental C web programming platform.Dynamic The types in JavaScript are not related with variables but with values. This is a dynamic programming language that enables you to test the type of an object in many different ways. Also, this programming language is object-oriented where all the objects are associative arrays.Functional All functions in JavaScript are objects and are all first-class. They are associated with their own functions as well as characteristics. For example, a function within a function is called a nested function whereas this language also supports anonymous function.2.     JavaJava is yet another high ly popular and widely used language that you can consider for web development. This language is an object-oriented, class-based and concurrent language that was developed by Sun Microsystems in the 1990s. Since then, the language continues to be the most in-demand language that also acts as a standard platform for enterprises and several mobile and games developers across the world. The app has been designed in such a way that it works across several types of platforms. This means that if a program is written on Mac Operating system then it can also run on Windows based operating systems.Java, when it was designed originally, was developed for interactive television, but the developers realized that this language and technology was way too forward for this industry. It was only later that it was incorporated into the use it serves today.Every language is created with a certain mission, goal or objective in mind. The following are the 5 major principles or goals that were kept in min d during the creation of this language:It must be a secure and robust programming languageIt must be an object-oriented, simple language which becomes familiar soon.It must be capable of being implemented and executed with high performance.It must be threaded, dynamic and interpreted.It must be portable and architecture-neutral.3.     PythonPython is a highly used and all-purpose programming language which is dynamic in nature. Being dynamic in nature means that you as a developer can write and run the code without the need of a compiler. The design of the language is such that it supports code readability which means that its syntax is such that only a few lines of codes are needed to express a point or a concept. This concept of code readability is also possible in the case of Java and C++, etc. This is a high-level or advanced language that is considered easy for beginners to understand and learn.Some of the apps that are powered by Python are Rdio, Instagram, and Pinterest. Besi des this, some other web platforms that are supported by Python are Django, Google, NASA, and Yahoo, etc. Some of the other features of this language include automatic memory management, large library, dynamic type system and support of many paradigms.Python works on a core philosophy and follows its main principles in all seriousness. The language was designed with the aim of making it highly extensible. This means that the language can easily be incorporated or embedded in existing applications. The goal of the developers of this language was to make it fun to use one. The developers worked on the language in such a way that it could reduce upon premature optimization. Here’s a look at some of the principles that have been summarized for you:Readability is importantComplex is better than complicated-Beautiful is better than uglySimple is better than complexExplicit is better than implicit4.     CSSCSS or Cascading Style Sheets is rather a markup language. When paired with HTML, CSS allow a developer to decide and define how a web page or a website will eventually look or how it will appear to the visitors of the web platform. Some of the elements which CSS has an impact on include font size, font style, the overall layout, the colors and other design elements. This is a markup language that can be applied to several types of documents including Plain XML documents, SVG documents as well as XUL documents. For most websites across the world, CSS is the platform to opt for if they need help to create visually attractive webpages and finds use not just in the creation of web applications but also mobile apps.The language’s syntax is pretty similar to that of HTML and XHTML, which work well in synchronization and combination of one another. The Style sheets included in CSS consist of a selector and a declarator. The simple syntax of the language uses several English language words to define the styling properties.5.     PHPThe term ‘PHP’ is used to define PHP Hypertext Processor language that is a free server-side scripting language that has been designed for not just web development but also as a general-purpose programming platform. This is a widely used language that was created in the year 2004 and now powers over 200 million websites worldwide. Some popular examples of websites powered by this platform include Facebook, WordPress, and Digg.com.PHP is an interpreted script language which means that it is usually processed by an interpreter. For this reason, the language is most suitable for server-side programming that have server tasks being repeatedly performed when the website development process is on.The following are some more points that shall help you understand the language better:PHP is an open source language and fast prototyping language.This language is compatible with UNIX based OS as well as Windows OS.Some industries where PHP is mostly used include startup businesses, advertising apps, and small software organiz ations as well as media agencies.The language can be embedded in HTML directly.6.     RubyDeveloped in the year 1993, Ruby is a dynamic programming language that is used for the creation or programming of mobile apps and websites. The language successfully balances imperative programming with functional programming and is a highly scalable language. This open source platform is not only simple to understand but also easy to write. But if you are a developer who wants to learn Ruby, then you will also have to equip yourself with the knowledge of Ruby on Rails or Rails which is another framework which can help you make it interesting to deal with Ruby. For those who are interested in creating small business software and for those who are into the field of creative designing, Ruby is the perfect programming language.During its development, the idea was to come up with a language that was more productive in terms of programming and has a concise and simple code. Ruby is mostly used in t he web servers where there is a lot of web traffic. Some examples of platforms that make use of this programming language include Hulu, Twitter, and Scribd, etc.7.     C++C++ is a general purpose, well compiled and case sensitive web programming language that is not only imperative but also offers facilities for low-level memory manipulation. Since the language makes use of both low-level features as well as the feature of high-level languages, it is considered as a middle-level language. This language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in the year 1979 and was later enhanced and renamed in 1983. Since C++ is an object oriented language, it supports the 4 principles of object oriented development including polymorphism, encapsulation, inheritance, and data hiding.C++ is similar to C language in a lot of ways and is in fact the superset of C. This means that any program of C language is a program of C++ programming language. The language has many technical details, but the k ey to learning this language for you is not to get lost in these details but rather concentrate on its concepts.Like any other language, this language too based on a philosophy and has certain elements that make it what it really is. C++ consists of three important parts, and they are given as follows:The standard library of C++ is capable of giving a rich combination and gamut of features such as strings and manipulating sets, etc.The standard template library or STL is capable of giving a rich set of methods manipulating data structures and other elements.The core C++ language has the capability of giving the building elements like literals, data types, and variables.8.     C LanguageC is another general-purpose and imperative programming language which was developed way back in the 70s and is similar to C++ language. This language is known to be the most widely used programming platform that offers building elements for other languages like C++, Python, Java and others. These lan guages borrow features either directly or indirectly from it, and some of these include control structures, overall syntax, and standard libraries. This is the reason why if you want to learn programming, it is advisable that you learn C and C++ first and then move onto the others after strengthening your foundation. Some of the features that this language supports include static type system, lexical variable scope, recursion and structured programming.The following are some of the points which shall help you understand the overall design of C language:C is a procedural or imperative languageThe language was designed in such a way that can be easily compiled by making use of a simple compiler.The language was designed to offer a low-level access to memory.It was designed in a way that it should need minimum possible run-time support and encourages cross-platform programming. Image credit: Flickr | Duncan Hull under Attribution 2.0 Generic.

Gemstone Research Paper - 1100 Words

Gemstone Research Paper (Term Paper Sample) Content: NameCourseTutorDateGemstones Research PaperWith no accepted definition, a gemstone or gem as is commonly known is a crystal mineral used to make jewelry in its cut and polished form (Alden 3). Gemstones are minerals such as diamonds, and rocks such as onyx marble of mineral aggregates (Schumann 10). Gemstonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ oldest names can be traced back to Greek and Latin languages. Over time, the nomenclature of minerals has been reviewed due to the discovery of new minerals. The new names are given based on the chemical constituents, Greek or Latin, personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name or place where the mineral occurs. This provides a basis for rock naming hence initiating the classification and identification process of the material.Chemically the composition of the minerals is shown by the formula which does not include impurities present in the mineral (Schumann 14). Gemstones can exist in different crystal forms such as cubic, hexagonal, trigonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, mo noclinic, triclinic or amorphous. Examples of Gemstones with the cubic crystal system include: diamond, gold, and silver; the monoclinic crystal system include: cryolite and gypsum; orthorhombic include: Adamite and sulfur; amorphous include: amber and glass. This presents few examples with such characteristics and meeting this kind of classification.Specific properties of gemstones include hardness, cleavage and fracture, density and specific gravity, optical properties (Huamin 3). Gemstone coloration mechanism is explained based on its chemical composition and light absorption spectrum. The various colorations observed in different gemstones are a result of d-d electron transition in the transition metal ions and the charge transfer in transition metal such as iron, chromium, and titanium. For example, coloration of sapphire and ruby mostly depend on the Fe (3+) /Fe (2+) ration and Fe (2+) /Ti (4+) ratio, respectively besides the chromium or/and iron content (Schumann 36). Gemston esà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ density varies between 1- 8 g/cm3, with those having a density less than 2 being considered light, those between 2-4 being normal such as quartz and those above 4 being considered heavy gemstones.1.1 Classification of gemstonesGemstones can be classified as either organic or inorganic. Organic gemstones are further subdivided into Contemporary and fossilized gemstones. Fossilized gemstones are made of tissues of living organism that once lived and has transformed over time into its current form by natural forces (Schumann 250). An example of fossilized organic gemstones is jet and Ammolite. Contemporary gemstones are made of tissues of living organisms that once lived and have been left behind. Coral, ivory, amber and pearl are just but a few examples of contemporary organic gems. Pearl is made up of 86 % Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), 4 % water, and 10 % conchiolin. Coral is made up of calcite and conchiolin and has a specific gravity of 2.60. Amber is a hard fossil resi n made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons with a specific gravity of 1.05.Inorganic gemstones are minerals that possess definite chemical composition, a crystalline form, and an atomic structure that is distinct. The orderly internal arrangement of inorganic gemstones gives them a more characteristic shape externally. Euhedral inorganic gems are more developed, and their crystal symmetry is properly displayed while the anhedral ones are less developed, although they still possess crystal symmetry. Inorganic gemstones include diamond, ruby, sapphire, quartz, pyrite, natural glass, gypsum, topaz, and zircon (Nadur., et al.).1.2 Uses of gemstones1.2.1 Organic gemstonesPearls are commonly used in making rings and as a source of Calcium in medicine. Corals are used in carvings and beads in their finest form. They decrease global warming by observing Carbon (IV) Oxide (Schumann 256). Apart from its use in jewelry making, Amber has a wide application in medicine. Its derivatives are used to t reat convulsions and palpitations (Lambert and George 630). Due to its fragility, ammolite is used in earrings, brooches, and pendants. Ivory is used in the manufacture of items such as piano, handles, billiard balls.1.2.2 Inorganic gemstonesDiamondà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s optical properties make it the most sought gemstones within the group of related materials. It is used as an abrasive due to its hardness hence having numerous industrial use. Due to its high thermal conductivity, diamonds are used as heat sinks in numerous set ups and functionalities. The extreme hardness of rubies and sapphires makes them useful as abrasive. Rubies and sapphires are used as gain media in lasers. Rubies and sapphires are used for making kiln liners and fire brick due to their high resistance to heat. Most aircraft windows, protective covers of electronics, watch crystals and store scan...

The Role of the Fool in King Lear Essay - 2177 Words

Alison Dew Explore the role of the fool in King Lear. In Elizabethan times, the role of a fool, or court jester, was to professionally entertain others, specifically the king. In essence, fools were hired to make mistakes. Fools may have been mentally retarded youths kept for the court’s amusement, or more often they were singing, dancing stand up comedians. In William Shakespeare’s King Lear the fool plays many important roles. When Cordelia, Lear’s only well-intentioned daughter, is banished from the kingdom Fool immediately assumes her role as Lear’s protector. The fool is the king’s advocate, honest and loyal and through his use of irony sarcasm and humour he is able to point out Lear’s faults. Functioning much as a chorus would†¦show more content†¦The fool’s purpose is to make Lear laugh; yet in reality he makes serious remarks on the action and points out to Lear what is happening with his behaviour. Fool is paradoxically wise, typical of the Shakespearian ‘fool†™. The Fool often sounds cruel as he criticizes and speaks to Lear with such irony and sarcasm. Oftentimes, it appears that Fool is kicking a man when he’s down, but as the play progresses, one senses how much the fool loves his king, and just how protective he is of his master. The Fool makes his first appearance in act one scene four where his initial address to Kent clarifies that he sees Kent to be Lear’s ally. Lear, paying Kent says: Lear: Now my friendly knave I thank thee; there’s earnest of thy service. Fool: Let me hire him too, here’s my coxcomb. In this the fool uses his coxcomb as a metonymic device to illustrate Lear’s foolish division of the kingdom and Kent’s idiocy in his will to follow Lear who is now without a kingdom or home. Fool can empathize with the loyalty felt towards Lear, yet Fool holds one power over Kent – his ability to point out the king’s faults. 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