A Brief Note On Mexican And Japanese Immigrants - 1054 Words

The 1920s served as a crucial time for the society in America. One large problem that occurred was the disputes regarding immigration and residing immigrants. Specifically, the main groups targeted during these years were Mexican and Japanese immigrants. Both in their own ways, these groups endured inequality from the white working class, agribusiness corporations, and native counterparts. Mexican and Japanese immigrants were both treated unfairly through labor experiences, racial discrimination, and problems with immigration and citizenship rights. Although the 1920s is often associated with social freedoms and a booming economy, these factors of prejudice illustrate that many individuals experienced hardships. Agribusiness landowners†¦show more content†¦Another case of oppression toward Mexican immigrants was lynching. Lynching was increasingly brought back from late 1800s, when only a few hundred Mexicans were lynched. Any Mexican charged with theft or property crimes would be hung. Lynching of Mexicans in the 1920s turned into a way of revenge from the success of Mexican mining. Mexicans would be accused of crime as an excuse to be lynched, but were killed due to unjust acts of mob violence from their native counterparts. Between harsh labor conditions and lynching, there was hope from Mexican immigrants for change. The rights of these people were taken away in more ways than one, causing immigrants to push past the racial inequality, although not outwardly offensively. Ramona Diaz believed, â€Å"through education and intermarriage will come a great improvement and progress.† Mexican immigrants had a lot of hardships, and through it, were still in favor of making change. In addition to Mexican immigrants, Japanese immigrants also suffered through these tough years. The main form of prejudice for this group was racial discrimination. One factor the Japanese dealt with was the Anti-Japanese exclusion movement. Japanese immigrants were labeled as an undesirable race, and were removed from homes, businesses, and communities, through acts of violence, in an attempt to eliminate Japanese immigration. Citizens â€Å"were determined to exhaust every power toShow MoreRelatedThe Frontier Or Some Like Takao Ozawa Essay2498 Words   |  10 Pagesquestion of what it means to be an American. There are various responses, some by â€Å"native born† such as, Fredrick Jackson Turner who wrote the propaganda piece: The Significance of the Frontier or some like Takao Ozawa, an immigrant from Japan who defines Americanness in his legal brief for naturalization. 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Chapter One Overview of Information Systems Free Essays

string(79) " of knowledge is computer literacy; the other is information systems literacy\." 1. 1 Introduction When Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th president of the United States, saw a demonstration of the telephone in the late 1800s, he reportedly commented that while it was a wonderful invention, businessmen would never use it. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter One Overview of Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hayes believed that people had to meet face to face to conduct substantive business affairs, and he was not alone in that assessment. Few of Hayes’s contemporaries could foresee the profound changes that would be ushered in by the telephone and other technologies of the day, including steam engines, production machinery; transportation technologies such as railroads and automobiles, and communication technologies such as the telegraph and telephone. As we are in the 21st century, we are once again experiencing an intense period of technology-enabled innovation, creativity, and excitement that has been spurred by the information and telecommunications technologies and associated changes in our life, work and society. We are now in  the information/knowledge age — a time when information and knowledge are power. Leading industrial countries are transforming from industrial-based economies to information/knowledge-based economy. Information is everywhere. Information and knowledge have become critical, strategic assets for most organizations. We live in an â€Å"information society,† where power and wealth increasingly depend on information and knowledge as central assets. It is a new world of doing business. Business and other organizations all over the world are focusing on information and knowledge as their key strategic resources. All firms today, large and small, local and global, use information systems to achieve important business objectives, such as operational efficiency, customer and supplier intimacy, better decision making, and new products and services. A continuing stream of information technology innovations from the Internet to wireless networks to digital phone is continuing to transform the business world. These innovations are enabling entrepreneurs and innovative traditional firms to create new products and service, develop new business models, and transform the day-to-day conduct of business. In the process, some old businesses, even industries, are being destroyed while new businesses are springing up. In 2005, journalist Thomas Friedman wrote an influential book declaring the world was ‘flat’ by which he meant that the Internet and global communications had greatly reduced the economic and cultural advantages of developed countries. U. S. nd European countries were in a fight for their economic lives, competing for jobs, markets, resources, and even ideas with highly educated, motivated populations in low-wage areas in the less developed world. The globalization trend of the world economy greatly enhances the value of information systems to the organizations. In today’s global business environment, information technology is creating new opportunities for organi zational coordination and innovation. Organizations require powerful information and communication systems to manage business on an international scale. Manufacturers are using information systems to order supplies and distribute goods faster than ever before; financial institutions are employing them to transfer billions of dollars around the world electronically; investors are using them to make multimillion-dollar decisions. This globalization presents you and your business with both challenges and opportunities. The challenge for you as a business student is to develop high-level skills through education and on-the-job experience that cannot be outsourced. Information systems will continue to change our business, society and lives. Information system and technologies will also play large roles in your career. Along with the changes in business come changes in job and careers. No matter whether you are a finance, accounting, management, marketing, operations management, or information systems major, how you work, where you work, and how well you are compensated will all be affected by business information systems. When interviewing potential employees, business firms often look for new hires who know how to use information technologies and systems for achieving bottom-line business results. It is widely recognized that understanding information systems is essential for managers and employees because most organizations need information systems to survive and prosper. Employees will depend on the information systems to increase their productivity. Management will use the information systems to improve their decision-making processes. Thus the knowledge of information systems and the ability to put this knowledge to work can result in a successful personal career. The knowledge and skill you learn from this subject will be valuable throughout your business career. 1. Computer Literacy and Information System Literacy Today, computers are everywhere: at work, at school, and at home. Many daily activities either involve the use of or depend on information from a computer. Computer advances impact all individuals, families, organizations, and schools (see Figure 1-1). Computers already are an essential part of people’s daily lives, as much as the automobile, television, and telephone. Computers are taking on many new roles — providing vast information resources, fast communications, effective learning tools, and powerful support for activities in businesses, schools, and homes. Information systems and technologies have become a vital component of successful businesses and organizations. They thus constitute an essential field of study in business administration and management. Almost any career in your future will involve a computer in some way. You probably recognize that it will not be easy to get through the rest of your life without knowing about computers and information systems. In today’s technology-rich world, a great demand for computer and information systems professionals exists and continues to grow. The computer and information systems industries offer many rewarding careers and jobs, but require a unique combination of hands-on computing skills, creative problem solving ability, and an understanding of business needs. In preparing yourself to enter today’s fast-paced, ever-changing, and information-intense business environment, you need to understand the new thinking in business. Managers and professionals such as engineers, scientists, or architects are collectively known as knowledge workers, since their main contribution to the activities in which they are involved is their knowledge and skills. The term literacy has been used to describe two types of knowledge that are key to succeed as a knowledge worker in today’s information/knowledge-based business environment. One kind of knowledge is computer literacy; the other is information systems literacy. You read "Chapter One Overview of Information Systems" in category "Papers" The knowledge and understanding of computer systems and the ways they function are called computer literacy. Computer literacy focuses primarily on knowledge of information technology. This knowledge includes an understanding of computer terminology, recognition of the strengths and weaknesses of the computer, and an ability to use the computer. It also stresses computer equipment and devices (hardware), programs and instructions (software), databases, networking, and telecommunications. The requirements that determine computer literacy change as technology changes. As you study about computers, you will become aware of their importance, their versatility, and their pervasiveness in our society. There is no better way to understand computer systems than through interacting with one. So being computer literate also means being able to use computers for some type of applications. However, no one expects you to become a computer expert. Today, information systems provide the communication and analytic power that firms need for conducting trade and managing businesses on a global scale. In addition to understanding computers, the modern knowledge worker should have information systems literacy. From an organizational perspective, an information system is an organizational and management solution, based on information technology, to a challenge posed by today’s dynamic environment. To fully understand information systems, you must understand the broader organization, management, and information technology dimensions of information systems (see Figure 1-2). Figure 1-2 Organization, management, and information technology dimensions of information systems Information systems are integral part of organizations. The key elements of an organization are its people, structure, operating procedures, politics, and culture. Organizations are composed of different levels and specialties. Different levels and specialties in an organization create different interests and points of view. Information systems come out of this cauldron of differing perspectives, conflicts, compromises, and agreements that are a natural part of all organizations. Management’s job is to make sense out of the many situations faced by organizations, make decisions, and formulate action plans to solve organizational problems. Managers perceive business challenges in the environment, they set the organizational strategy for responding and allocate the human and financial resources to achieve the strategy and coordinate the work. The business information systems in organizations reflect the hopes, dreams, and realities of the managers. Information technology is one of many tools managers use to cope with change. Information technology infrastructure provides the foundation or platform on which the firm can build its specific information systems. Each organization must carefully design and manage its information technology infrastructure so that it has the set of technology services it needs for the work it wants to accomplish with information systems. Let us use UPS’s package tracking system to identify the organization, management, and technology elements. The organization element anchors the package tracking system in UPS’s sales and production functions (the main product of UPS is a service–package delivery). It specifies the required procedures for identifying packages with both sender and recipient information, taking inventory, tracking the packages en route, and providing package status reports for UPS customers and customer service representatives. The system must also provide information to satisfy the needs of managers and workers. UPS’s management is responsible for monitoring service levels and costs and for promoting the company’s strategy of combining low-cost and superior service. Management decided to use automation to increase the ease of sending a package via UPS and of checking its delivery status, thereby reducing delivery costs and increasing sales revenues. The technology supporting this system consists of handheld computers, barcode scanners, wired and wireless communications networks, desktop computers, UPS’s central computer, storage technology for the package delivery data, UPS package tracking software, and software to access the World Wide Web. The result is an information system solution to the business challenge of providing a high level of service with low prices in the face of mounting competition. Therefore, information systems literacy is knowledge of how and why data, information, knowledge, computer, and information technology are used by organizations and individuals. It includes not only knowledge of computer technology but also aspects of the broader range of information technology. Information systems literacy can involve knowledge of how and why people use information technology; knowledge of organizations, decision-making approaches, management levels, and information needs; and knowledge of how organizations can use information systems to achieve their goals. Thus, the key aspect of information systems literacy is knowing how to deploy information technology to help an organization achieve its business goals and to gain a competitive advantage. In general, knowing about various types of hardware and software is an example of computer literacy. Knowing how to use hardware and software to increase profits, cut costs, improve productivity, increase customer satisfaction, and improve management decision-making is an example of information systems literacy. Information system literacy includes a ehavioral as well as a technical approach to studying information systems. The field of management information systems (MIS) tries to achieve this broader information systems literacy. One of the main objectives of this course is to lay the foundation for information systems literacy. 1. 3 Data and Information Today, information is one of an organization’s most important and valuable resources. Organizational information systems contain informat ion about people, places, things, ideas and events within the organization and in the environment surrounding it. By information we mean data that have being processed into a form that is meaningful and useful to the recipient. Data are therefore the raw facts for producing information. The relation of data to information is that of raw material to finished product. The information systems process data in unusable form into a usable form that is information for intended recipient. As the simplified example shown in Figure 1-3, the student name, ID number, semester, curse codes, and course grades all represent data. The computer processes the data to produce the grade information (report). | | Figure 1-3 The process of transforming data into information| Organizational activities require information. Producing products, assigning workers, making sales, billing amounts due, and providing customer services are examples of activities that use information. Data represents real-world facts, such as an employee’s name, weekly sales, customer numbers, or product inventory. Data items are organize d for processing purpose into data structures, file structure, database, and data warehouse. Data are simply raw facts and has little value beyond its existence. Information systems manipulate and process data to create information. The information in an information system take a variety of forms including text, numbers, pictures, sounds, animations and videos. The value of information is described most meaningful in the context of a decision. In other words, the value of information is directly linked to how it helps decision-makers achieve their organization’s goals. If there were no current or future choices or decisions affected by a piece of information, the information would be unnecessary. It is cited frequently in explaining why information systems that collect vast amounts of data often fail to satisfy managerial information needs. The value of information might be measured in following three dimensions: * Content — information should be accurate, relevant, and complete * Time — information should be timely and current * Form — information should be provided at the appropriate level of detail and in the most appropriate form. More specifically, information should have certain characteristics to make it valuable. The characteristics of valuable information include being accurate, verifiable, timely, organized, meaningful, useful, and cost effective. * Accurate information is correct information. Inaccurate information often is worse than no information, because inaccurate information can lead to incorrect decisions. For example, you assume that your transcript correctly list your grades. If your transcript incorrectly reports low grades in your major courses, a potential employer might deny you an interview. * Verifiable information means that the information can be confirm by the user. For example, before relying on the cumulative GPA on your transcript, a potential employer might want to check that the GPA is calculated correctly. The potential employer can verify the accuracy of the accumulated GPA by calculating it from the individual semester GPA values. * Timely information has an age suited to its use. Your transcript, for example, has value for a potential employer only if the employer receives it in time to make a hiring decision. Although most information loses its value with time, some information, such as information on trends, gains value as time passes and more information is obtained. Your transcript, for example, gains value as you complete more coursework because it reflects your work ethic and dedication over a time period. * Meaningful information is relevant to the person who receives it. Because certain information is meaningful only to specific individuals or groups, unnecessary information should be eliminated. * Cost-effective information costs less to produce than the value of the resulting information. Most organizations periodically review the information they produce in reports to determine if the reports provide valuable information. Based on that review, the companies can determine whether to continue, scale back, or even eliminate these reports. The need for timely information can change for each business decision. Some decisions require weekly or monthly information while other decisions require daily information. Timeliness is an aspect of information that depends on the situation. In some industries such as insurance and construction, information that is a few days or weeks old can be relevant, while in other industries such as 911 centers and stock trading information that is a few minutes old can be almost worthless. Real-time information means immediate, up-to-date information. Real-time systems provide real-time information in response to query requests. Many organizations use real-time systems to exploit key corporate transactional information. Real-time systems provide valuable information for supporting corporate strategies such as customer relationship management. The growing demand for real-time information stems from organizations’ need to make faster and more effective decisions, keep smaller inventories, operate more efficiently, and track performance more carefully. Nevertheless, timeliness is relative. Organizations need fresh, timely information to make good decisions. Information also needs to be timely in the sense that it meets employees’ needs, but no more. If employees can absorb information only on an hourly or daily basis, there is no need to gather real-time information in smaller increments. Many people request real-time information without understanding one of the biggest pitfalls associated with real-time information’s continual change. Imagine the following scenario: Three managers meet at the end of the day to discuss a business problem. Each manager has gathered information at different times during the day to create a picture of the situation. Each manager’s picture may be different because of this time discrepancy. Their views on the business problem may not match since the information they are basing their analysis on is continually changing. This approach may not speed up decision making, and may actually slow it down. Organizations must evaluate the timeliness of the information required for each business decision. Organizations do not want to find themselves using real-time information to make a bad decision faster. Information and knowledge are becoming the foundation for many new products and services. Information/ knowledge-intense products such as computer games require a great deal of knowledge to produce. Entire new information-based services have sprung up, such as Lexis, Dow Jones News, and America Online. These fields are employing millions of people. Information technology constitutes more than 75 percent of the invested capital in service industries such as finance, insurance, and real estate. Knowledge is used more intensively in the production of traditional products as well. In the automobile industry, both design and production now rely heavily on knowledge and information technology. 1. 4 Information Systems 1. 4. 1 The Concept of System System concepts underlie the field of information systems. A system is a set of elements or components that operate together to accomplish an objective. Many examples of systems can be found in the physical and biological sciences, in modern technology, and in human society. A system (sometimes called a dynamic system) has three basic interacting components or functions: *   Input involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed. For example, raw materials, energy, data, and human effort must be secured and organized for processing. * Processing involves transforming processes that convert input into output. Examples are a manufacturing process, the human breathing process, or mathematical calculations. * Output involves transferring elements that have been produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination. For example, finished products, human services, and management information must be transmitted to their human users. The system concept becomes even more useful by including two additional components: feedback and control. A system with feedback and control components is sometimes called a cybernetic system, that is, a self-monitoring, self-regulating system. * Feedback is data about the performance of a system. For example, data about sales performance is feedback to a sales manager. * Control involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal. The control function then makes necessary adjustments to a system’s input and processing components to ensure that it produces proper output. For example, a sales manager exercises control when reassigning salespersons to new sales territories after evaluating feedback about their sales performance. 1. 4. 2 Information Systems An information system is a specialized type of system and can be defined in a number of different ways. An information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated information technology components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute data and information and provide a feedback/control mechanism to meet an objective. From a business perspective, information systems can be defined as a combination of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks which people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data and information, typically in organizational settings. Information systems support managers and workers make decisions, control operations, analyze problems, visualize complex subjects, and create new products and services. An information system contains information about an organization and its surrounding environment. The basic activities of input, processing and output in an information system produce the information that organization need for decision-making and operations. An information system also requires feedback and control components to meet an objective (see Figure 2-4). | Figure 1-4 An information system| In an information system, input is the activity of gathering and capturing raw data from within the organization or from its external environment. For example, in producing paychecks, the number of hours worked for every worker must be collected before the pay amounts can be calculated and checks can be printed. Processing involves converting or transforming data into more meaningful form. Processing can involve making calculations, making comparisons and taking alternative actions, and storing data for future use. In the payroll example, the required processing may first involve calculating gross pay. If weekly hours worked are greater than 40 hours, overtime pay must be determined. Then deductions are subtracted from gross pay to get net pay. Output involves producing useful information in a proper form such as reports, paychecks or documents, and transferring the processed information to the user. In some cases, output from one information system can become input for another. Information systems also provide feedback/control mechanism to allow people to evaluate the performance of the systems and make necessary changes to input or processing activities. Information technologies (IT) are tools used to build information systems. Information technologies include hardware, software, database, networks, and other related components. Information systems use and integrate these technologies to meet the information needs of different users. The information technology, then, must support the goal of the information system, which is to provide accurate, timely, relevant, complete, well-formatted information that users value. Computer architecture ensures a fit between information systems and technologies. Computers are valuable tools. As technology advances and computers extend into every facet of daily living, computers have become an essential part of organizational information processing because of the power of the technology and the volume of data to be processed. When we use the term information systems, we are referring to computer-based information systems (CBIS) — organizational information systems that rely on computer technology to collect, process, store and disseminate information. A CBIS is composed of hardware, software, database, telecommunications, people, and protocols/procedures, as shown in Figure 1-5. | | | Figure 1-5 The components of an information system| In a computer-based information system, hardware consists of physical computer equipment and associated devices used to perform input, processing, and output activities. Software is a broad term given to the instructions that direct the operation of the hardware. Database contains all data utilized by application software. Telecommunications is the electronic transmission of signals for communications and enables organizations to link computer systems into effective networks. Information systems personnel include all the people who develop, program, operate, manage, use and maintain the information systems. Protocols are standards and guidelines used for designing and deploying information systems. Procedures include strategies, policies, methods, and rules for developing, managing and using the information systems. Although computer-based information systems use computer technology to process raw data into meaningful information, there is a sharp distinction between a computer system and an information system. Electronic computers and related software programs are the technical foundation, the tools and materials, of modern information systems. Computer systems provide the equipment and software for processing, storing and distributing information. Knowing how computer systems work is important in esigning solutions to organizational problems, but computer systems are only part of an information system. Computers and programs alone cannot produce the information a particular organization needs. To understand information systems, you must understand the problems they are designed to solve, their architectural and design elements, and the organizational processes that lead to th ese solutions. In other words, to be information systems literate as opposed to computer literate, you must understand the broader organization, management, and technology dimensions of information systems. 1. 4. Enterprise System Architectures System architecture refers to the arrangement of software, hardware, and tasks in an information system needed to achieve a specific functionality. To support the volume and complexity of today’s users and application requirements, information technology needs to take a fresh approach to enterprise system architectures by constructing smarter, more flexible environments that protect from system failures and crashes. Enterprise system architectures include the plans for how an organization will build, deploy, use, and share its data, processes, and IT assets. A unified enterprise system architecture will standardize enterprisewide hardware and software, with tighter links to the business strategy. A solid enterprise system architecture can decrease costs, increase standardization, promote reuse of IT assets, and speed development of new systems. The right enterprise system architecture can make IT cheaper, strategic, and more responsive. Enterprise system architectures are never static; they continually change. Organizations use enterprise system architects to help manage change. An enterprise system architect is a person grounded in technology, fluent in business, a patient diplomat, and provides the important bridge between IT and the business. An enterprise system architect is expensive and generally receives a salary of $180,000 per year on average. Companies that have created solid enterprise system architectures are reaping huge rewards in savings, flexibility, and business alignment. Basic enterprise architectures contain three components, as shown in Figure 2-6. | | |   Ã‚   Figure 1-6 Three components of enterprise system rchitecture| Information Architecture Information architecture identifies where and how important information, like customer records, is maintained and secured. A single backup or restore failure can cost an organization more than time and money; some data cannot be recreated, and the business intelligence lost from that data can be tremendous. Three primary areas an enterprise information architecture should focus on include back up and recovery, disaster recovery, and information security. Each year businesses lose time and money because of system crashes and failures. One way to minimize the damage of a system crash is to have a backup and recovery strategy in place. A backup is an exact copy of a system’s information. Recovery is the ability to get a system up and running in the even of a system crash or failure and includes restoring the information backup. Organizations should choose a backup and recovery strategy that is in line with its business goals. If the organization deals with large volumes of critical information, it will require daily backups, perhaps even hourly backups, to storage servers. Deciding how often to back up information and what media to use is a critical business decision. If an organization decides to back up on a weekly basis, then it is taking the risk that, if a total system crash occurs, it could lose a week’s worth of work. If this risk is unacceptable, then the organization needs to move to a daily backup strategy. Some organizations find the risk of losing a day’s worth of work too high and move to an hourly backup strategy. Two techniques used to help in case of system failure are fault tolerance and failover. Fault tolerance is a computer system designed that in the event a component fails, a backup tolerance can be provided with software, or embedded in hardware, or provide by some combination. Failover is a backup operational mode in which the functions of a computer component are assumed by secondary system components when the primary component becomes unavailable through either failure or scheduled downtime. A failover procedure involves automatically offloading tasks to a standby system component so that the procedure si as seamless as possible to the end user. Disasters such as power outages, floods, and even harmful hacking strike businesses every day. Organizations must develop a disaster recovery plan to prepare for such occurrences. A disaster recovery plan is a detailed process for recovering information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood. A comprehensive disaster recovery plan takes into consideration the location of the backup information. Many organizations store backup information in an off-site facility. A hot site is a separate and fully equipped facility where the company can move immediately after a disaster and resume business. A cold site is a separate facility that does not have any computer equipment, but is a place where employees can move after a disaster. Security professionals are under increasing pressure to do the job right and cost-effectively as networks extend beyond organizations to remote users, partners, and customers, and to cell phones, PDAs, and other mobile devices. Regulatory requirements to safeguard data have increased. Concerns about identify theft are at an all-time high. Hacking and other unauthorized access contribute to the approximately 10 million instances of identity theft each, according to the Federal Trade Commission. A good information architecture includes a strong information security plan, along with managing user access and up-to-data antivirus software and patches. Managing user access to information is a critical piece of the information architecture. There is little doubt that security is a top priority for business managers, regardless of the size of their company. The main focus for most managers is preventing hackers, spammers, and other malcontents from entering their networks, and they are looking to enhance their network-security-management, intrusion-detection, content-filtering, and anti-spam software. Infrastructure Architecture Infrastructure architecture includes the hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment that, when combined, provide the underlying foundation to support the organization’s goals. As an organization changes, its systems must be able to change to support its operations. If an organization grows by 50 percent in a single year, its systems must be able to handle a 50 percent growth rate. Systems that cannot adapt to organizational changes can severely hinder the organization’s ability to operate. The future of an organization depends on its ability to meet its artners and customers on their terms, at their pace, any time of the day, in any geographic location. The following are the five primary characteristics of a solid infrastructure architecture: 1. Flexibility: Organizations must watch today’s business, as well as tomorrow’s, when designing and building systems. Systems must be flexible enough to meet all types of busines s changes. For example, a system night be designed to include the ability to handle multiple currencies and languages, even though the company is not currently performing business in other countries. When the company starts growing and performing business in new countries, the system will already have the flexibility to handle multiple currencies and languages. If the company failed to recognize that its business would someday be global, it would need to redesign all its systems to handle multiple currencies and languages, not easy once systems are up and running. 2. Scalability: Scalability refers to the ability of a system to increase in size as demand warrants. If an organization grows faster than anticipated, it might all types of performance degradations, ranging from running out of storage space to a slowdown in transaction speeds. Capacity planning determines the future IT infrastructure requirements for new equipment and additional network capacity. Performing a capacity plan is one way to ensure the IT infrastructure is scalable. There are three steps you can take to meet the demands for service at your system: scale hardware vertically, scale hardware horizontally, and improve the processing architecture of the system. Vertical scaling refers to increasing the processing poser of individual components. Horizontal scaling refers to employing multiple computers to share the workload and increase the ‘footprint’ of the installation. Improving the processing architecture is a combination of vertical and horizontal scaling, combined with artful design decisions. 3. Reliability: Reliability ensures all systems are functioning correctly and providing accurate information. Reliability is another term for accuracy when discussing the correctness of systems within the context of efficiency IT metrics. 4. Availability: High availability refers to a system or component that is continuously operational for a desirably long length of time. Availability is typically measured relative to 100 percent operational. A widely held but difficult-to-achieve standard of availability for a system is known as ‘five 9s’ (99. 999 percent) availability. Systems, however, must come down for maintenance, upgrades, and fixes. One challenge organizations face is determining when to schedule system downtime if the system is expected to operate continually. Many organizations overcome this problem by having redundant systems, allowing the organization to take one system down by switching over to a redundant system. 5. Performance: Performance measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction. Not having enough performance capacity can have a devastating, negative impact on a business. People usually use IT metrics to measure the system architecture. Efficiency IT metrics measure the performance of the IT system including throughout, speed and availability. Effective IT metrics measure the impact of the IT system on business processes and activities including customer satisfaction, conversion rates, and sell-through increases. Application Architecture Application architecture determines how applications integrate and relate to each other. Advances in integration technology are providing new ways for designing more agile, more responsive enterprise architectures that provide the kind of value businesses need. With these new architectures, IT can build new business capabilities faster, cheaper, and in a vocabulary the business can understand. Web services promise to be the next major frontier in computing. Web services contain a repertoire of Web-based data and procedural resources that use shared protocols and standards permitting different applications to share data and services. The major application of Web services is the integration among different applications. Before Web services, organizations had trouble with interoperability. Interoperability is the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources. If a supply chain management system can share data with a customer relationship management system, interoperability exists between the two systems. Web services encompass all the technologies that are used to transmit and process information on and across a network, most specifically the Internet. A Web service is really a piece of reusable software code. A software developer can quickly build a new application by using many of these pieces of reusable code. For example, a ‘Deposit’ Web service for a banking system might allow customers to perform the task of depositing money to their accounts. The Web service could be used by a bank teller, by the customer at an ATM, and by the customer performing an online transaction through a Web browser. The trick to building Web service is finding the right level of granularity. An open system is a broad, general term that describes nonproprietary IT hardware and software made available by the standards and procedures by which their products work, making it easier to integrate them. The designs of open systems allow for information sharing. In the past different systems were independent of each other and operated as individual islands of control. The sharing of information was accomplished through software drivers and devices that routed data allowing information to be translated and shared between systems. Open system integration is designed to: * Allow systems to seamlessly share information. The sharing of information reduces the total number of devices, resulting in an overall decrease in cost. * Capitalize on enterprise architectures. This avoids installing several independent systems, which creates duplication of devices. * Eliminate proprietary systems and promote competitive pricing. Utilization of open systems allows users to purchase systems competitively. 1. 5 The Role of Information Systems in Business 1. . 1 Business Environment Business students frequently ask, â€Å"Why do we need to study information technology? † The answer is simple: Information technology is everywhere in business. Information technology plays a critical role in reducing costs, improving productivity and generating growth by facilitating communication and increasing business intelligence. Information technology is supplying the foundation for new business models, new business processes, and new ways of distributing products, services and knowledge. Companies are relying on information technology and telecommunications to conduct more of their work electronically, seamlessly linking factories, offices, sales forces, managers, customers, and suppliers around the globe. Understanding information technology provides great insight to anyone learning about business. Business students who understand technology have an advantage in business. | | | Figure 1-7 Seven major factors that affect today’s business environment| Before discussing the role of information systems in organizations, let’s xamine some of the most important factors shaping today’s new business. These and other factors have altered the environment of business and posed new challenges to business firms and their management. To you, these factors can be translated into a substantial career opportunity, if you understand them and prepare yourself through education to take advantage of them. Figure 2-7 lists seven important factors including globalizat ion, competition, information as a key resource, organization restructuring, end-use computing, electronic commerce, and virtual workplace. Emergence of the global economy means that business today is global business. The success of firms today and in the future depends on their ability to manage business globally. Business globalization greatly enhances the value of information systems to organizations and offers new opportunities to business. Organizations need powerful information systems and communications systems to conduct trade and manage businesses on a global scale. Obviously, globalization has increased competition. Information technology is another reason competition is heating up. Globalization and information technology bring new threats to domestic business firms. Customers now can use global communication and information systems to shop in a worldwide marketplace, obtaining price and quality information reliably 24 hours a day. To become competitive participants in international markets, firms need powerful information and communication systems. In the information age, information is so important that businesses must have information to be successful. The need to capture and record information about what customers want has led to many databases and data warehouses. These databases and data warehouses contain valuable information to help firms to throb with the pulse of marketplace. These databases and data warehouses of great economic value are based on new information technologies. Today, many organizations are restructuring in a variety of ways. The explosive growth in computing power and networks is turning organizations into networked enterprises, which allow organizations to redesign and reshape their structures, scope of operations, control mechanisms, work practices, work flows, products, and services. Many organizations have reduced the number of levels in their organizational hierarchies. In these flatter organizations, employees are empowered to make more decisions than in the past. Contemporary information technology can make more information available to line workers so they can make decisions that previously had been made by managers. Companies can use information and communications technologies to organize in more flexible ways, increasing their ability to respond to changes in the marketplace, to take advantage of new business opportunities, and to reduce the cost of obtaining products and services from outside the firm. Many organizations use information technology to recast the management process, providing powerful new capabilities to help managers plan, organize, lead, and control. One important trend is using information technology for enterprise resource planning. For example, more and more firms are using the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. The ERP system is a business information system that integrates all facets of the business, including planning, purchasing, manufacturing, sales, finance and human resources. The ERP system creates an integrated database to coordinate business activities within and across functional areas by sharing consistent information, and automates many business processes. Information and telecommunications technologies are creating new ways of conducting business electronically both inside and outside the firm. The Internet is emerging as the primary technology platform for electronic commerce. Electronic commerce is the computerized process of buying and selling goods and services through the Internet, networks, and other digital technologies. The Internet links millions of organizations and individuals into a single network, creating the foundation for a vast electronic marketplace. An electronic market is an information system that links together many buyers and sellers to exchange information, products, services, and payments. Many organizations are increasingly apply Internet technology to facilitate the management and coordination of other business processes within the firm — publishing company’s policies and work procedures, scheduling work flow, reviewing production plan, revising design documents, and so on, which is called electronic business. Information and telecommunications technologies have eliminated distance as a factor for many types of work in many situations. Many companies are using networked information systems to coordinate their geographically distributed capabilities. Works can be done wherever the employees are located. The term virtual workplace describes a technology-enabled working arrangement where work can be done at virtually any geographical location as along as the work site is linked to one or more of the firm’s fixed locations by some type of telecommunications capability. Some companies are even using networked information systems to coordinate with other organizations such as suppliers, distributor, or even competitors as virtual organizations to create and distribute new products and services without being limited by traditional organizational boundaries or physical location. Intensive use of information technology in business firms, coupled with equally significant organizational redesign, has created a new type of business: the fully digital firm. The digital firm can be defined along several dimensions. A digital firm is one where nearly all of the organization’s significant business relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled and mediated. Core business processes are accomplished through digital networks spanning the entire organization or linking multiple organizations. Key corporate assets–intellectual property, core competencies, and financial and human assets–are managed through digital means. In a digital firm, any piece of information required to support key business decisions is available at anytime and anywhere in the firm. Digital firms sense and respond to their environments far more rapidly than traditional firms, giving them more flexibility to survive in turbulent times. Digital firms offer extraordinary opportunities for more global organization and management. By digitally enabling and streamlining their work, digital firms have the potential to achieve unprecedented levels of profitability and competitiveness. A few firms, such as Cisco Systems, Dell Computer Corporation or Google, are close to becoming fully digital firms, using the Internet to drive every aspect of their business. In most other companies, a fully digital firm is still more vision than reality but this vision is driving them toward digital integration. For today’s managers, information technology is not simply a useful handmaiden, an enabler, but rather it is the core of the business and a primary management tool. There are four major systems that help define the digital firm. Supply chain management systems seek to automate the relationship between suppliers and the firm to optimize the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of products and services. Customer relationship management systems attempt to develop a coherent, integrated view of all the relationships a firm maintains with its customers. Enterprise systems create an integrated enterprise-wide information system to coordinate key internal processes of the firm, integrating data from manufacturing and distribution, sales, finance, and human resources. Finally, knowledge management systems seek to create, capture, store, and disseminate firm expertise and knowledge. Collectively, these systems represent the areas where corporations are digitally integrating their information flows and making major information system investments. For example, building only cars that customers order and building them in record time has been every automaker’s dream. Now, it appears that Toyota Motor Corporation is coming close to making that dream come true. Toyota is using new software tools and Internet technology to drive its processes for designing and manufacturing automobiles and to integrate them with customers and suppliers. The company is moving toward a digital firm organization. In many organizations, end users are developing a growing percentage of information systems with little or no formal assistance from technical specialists. This phenomenon is called end-user computing. Information technology education programs at both the college and pre-college level and easy-to-use of both computer hardware and software have made more and more managers and employees have good computing knowledge and skills. End user computing involves you, as a future knowledge worker, in more than just developing a budget using spreadsheet software, creating a presentation using presentation graphics software, or using a system that someone else developed. It requires you to take an active role in developing systems that support your specific needs or the needs of a team. 1. 5. 2 Functional Areas in Business Understanding information technology begins with gaining an understanding of how businesses function and IT’s role in creating efficiencies and effectiveness across the organization. Typical businesses operate by functional areas. Each area undertakes a specific core business function. These functional areas are interdependent (see Figure 2-8). For example, sales must rely on information from operations to understand inventory, place orders, calculate transportation costs, and gain insight into product availability based on production schedules. For an organization to succeed, every department or functional area must work together sharing common information. Information technology can enable departments to more fficiently and effectively perform their business operations. | Figure 1-8 Common functional areas in business| To perform the MIS function effectively, almost all organizations today, particularly large and medium-sized ones, have an internal IT department. The plans and goals of the IT department must align with the plans and goals of the organization. Information technology can enable an organization to increase efficiency in manufacturing, retain key c ustomers, seek out new sources of supply, and introduce effective financial management. Information technology is a relatively new functional area, having been around formally in most organizations only for about 40 years. Job titles, roles, and responsibilities often differ from organization to organization. Most organizations maintain positions such as chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), and chief operations officer (COO) at the strategic level. Recently there are more IT-related strategic positions such chief information officer (CIO), chief technology officer (CTO), chief security officer (CSO), chief privacy officer (CPO), and chief knowledge officer (CKO). The CIO is responsible for overseeing all uses of information technology and ensuring the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives. The CTO is responsible for ensuring the throughput, speed, accuracy, availability, and reliability of an organization’s information technology. The CSO is responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems and developing strategies and IT safeguards against attacks from hackers and viruses. The CPO is responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information within an organization. The CKO is responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing the organization’s knowledge. The CKO designs programs and systems that make it easy for people to reuse knowledge. All the above IT positions and responsibilities are critical to an organization’s success. While many organizations may not have a different individual for each of these positions, they must have leaders taking responsibility for all these areas of concern. It is not always easy for managers to make the right choices when using IT to support business initiatives. Most managers understand their business initiatives well, but are often at a loss when it comes to knowing how to use and manage IT effectively in support of those initiatives. Managers who understand what IT is, and what IT can and cannot do, are in the best position for success. Individuals anticipating a successful career in business must understand information technology including: * Information technology basics. * Roles and responsibilities in information technology. * Measuring information technology’s success. 1. 5. 3 The Role of Information Systems in Business In 2007, American business invested over $1 trillion in information systems hardware, software and telecommunications equipment, more than half of all capital investment in the United States. In addition, they spent another $250 billion on business and management consulting and services, much of which involves redesigning firms’ business operations to take advantage of these new technologies. More than half of all business investment in the United States each year involves information systems and technologies. In 2007, more than 40 million U. S. usinesses had cot-com Internet sites registered. E-commerce and Internet advertising are booming. Companies today manage their operation and inventories in near real time in order to reduce their production and overhead costs and get to market faster. What makes information systems so essential today? Why are businesses investing so much in information systems and technologies? They do so to achieve the following six important business objectives: 1. Operational Excellence: Businesses continuously seek to improve the efficiency of their operations in order to achieve higher profitability. Information systems and technologies are some of the most important tools available to managers for achieving higher levels of efficiency and productivity in business operations, especially when coupled with changes in business practices and management behavior. 2. New Products, Services and Business Models: Information systems and technologies are a major enabling tool for firms to create new product and services, as well as entirely new business models. A business model describes how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth. . Customer and Supplier Intimacy: Information systems can help a business know its customers and serves them well, the way they want to be served, the customers generally respond by returning and purchasing more. This raises revenues and profits. Likewise with suppliers: the more a business engages its suppliers, the better the suppliers can provide vital inputs. This lowers costs. 4. Improved Decision Making: Many business managers operate in an information fog bank, never really having the right information at the right time to make an informed decision. Instead, they rely on forecasts, best guesses, and luck. The result is over- or underproduction of goods, misallocation of resources, and poor response times. Information systems and technologies have made it possible for managers to use real-time data from the marketplace when making decisions. 5. Competitive Advantage: Information systems and technologies can help a business achieve a competitive advantage: doing things better than its competitors, charging less for superior products, and responding to customers and suppliers in real time. 6. Survival: Business firms invest in formation systems and technologies because they are necessities of doing business. Sometimes these necessities are driven by industry-level changes. Many federal and state statutes and regulations create a legal duty for companies to retain records. Firms turn to information systems and technologies to provide the capability to respond to these information retention and reporting requirements. Information systems directly affect how top management draw up long-tern planning, how managers make decisions, and what products and services are produced and how. In fact, information systems play a strategic role in the life of the firm. Figure 2-9 illustrates the relationship between businesses and information systems. | Figure 1-9 Growing interdependence between businesses and information systems| There is a growing interdependence between business strategy, organizational structure, operation rules and procedures, and production on the one hand, and IT infrastructure, IT strategy and information system management on the other. A change in any of these components often requires changes in other components. Existing information systems can act as a constraint on businesses. Often, what the organization plans to do in next five years depends on what its information systems will permit it to do. Developing new products and service, increasing market share, becoming the high-quality or low-cost producer, providing better customer service, and increasing employee productivity depend more and more on the scope and quality of information systems in the organization. Businesses are not in the business of processing information for its own sake. Instead they rocess information in order to improve organizational performance and produce profits. From a business perspective, an information system is an important instrument for creating value for the organization. There are many ways in which information systems can contribute to firm value, including increasing the firm’s return on its investments, enhancing the company’s strategic position, or increasing the market value of the firm ’s stock. Information processing activities support management decision making, enhance the execution of business processes and as a result increase business value. Every business has an information value chain, shown in Figure 2-10, in which raw information is systematically acquired, and then transformed through various stages that add value to that information. From this perspective, information systems are part of a series of value-adding activities for acquiring, transforming, and distributing information that managers can use to improve decision making, enhance organizational performance, and ultimately increase firm profitability. | Figure 1-10 Business information value chain| How to cite Chapter One Overview of Information Systems, Papers

Social Marketing Care Australia

Question: Discuss about theSocial Marketingfor Care Australia. Answer: Introduction Care Australia is a non for profit organization that is situated in Australia. The main function of the organization is to assist the disaster relief efforts and fight against the poverty globally. The projects of CARE Australia are to raise funds for the poor people via the community donation, Governmental donation and individual donation. In 1987, the organization was established to help the people who are in need of help (CARE Australia - defending dignity, fighting poverty. 2017). The focus of the projects or campaign of Care organization is described to identify the necessity of the organization. However, the report took a look on the target market of the organization so that it can be easier to done the assignment. The 4-P model (price, place, product and promotion) tries to identify the market for the social marketing (E. Carroll et al., 2014). SWOT analysis helps to identify the strength, weakness, opportunities and the threats of CARE Australia. In 2016, CARE Australia worked for twenty three countries and 2.3 million people to improve the lifestyles of those people (care.org.au. 2017). Program/ Campaign Focus Mission of CARE Australia is described below: Strengthening the capacity of people for the self help Delivering the relief in any emergency case Providing the economic opportunities Addressing the discrimination Influencing the policy decisions Providing education and shelter to the needy people (care.org.au. 2017) SOWT Analysis Strength The main strength of CARE Australia is the capabilities of the organization. The organization is very popular in Australia because of their works with the poor people. CARE has an efficient team of employees that provide the immediate relief fund and rehabilitation to the community (care.org.au. 2017). CARE Australia helps in the social marketing that is they provide the concern to the people to become active and develop their lifestyle. Strength of the organization is the expertise employees. It is one of the largest global emergency organization that help people, which make the organization strong. CARE Australia selects the regional people as the employees, which is effective for the organization. This provides strengths to the organization. 94 percent employees of CARE belong to Australia who works for the poor people worldwide. They select their employees from the Australian locality that is strength of CARE Australia. Weakness The weakness of the organization is that they do not have proper marketing plans that can damage the reputation. Another weakness of CARE Australia is that they are lack in using the technologies. Undifferentiated service lines can be another weakness of the organization. They appoint employees from the country origin, which can be a weakness as well as the strength (Scott, 2015). Another weakness can be the problem between staffs and management, which can create a big issue and affect the reputation of the organization. Opportunities The organization has various opportunities for the development. The worldwide reputation of the organization can provide opportunities to the organization and motivate the employees to work hard. They are trying to implement new technologies in their organization for the wellbeing of general people and poor people. Kotler et al. (2012) mention that CARE Australia does not have such competitor; therefore it has great opportunities to grow up internationally. They can use the social marketing to campaign their service and also can help people. Threats CARE Australia has very few threats. The competitors can grow up if they cannot provide innovative service. Another threat of organization is the economic shift and change in rules and regulation. Loss of key staffs and increased competition are the another threats for CARE Australia. The market demand can be changed that is the requirement of people can change. The organization needs to follow the trend of social marketing that can help the organization to overcome the threats. Justification of the Appropriate Target Market The target people of CARE are the aboriginal people and the poor people. They provide 88 percent of the total expenditure to the overseas programs in the year 2016. They help the poor aboriginal children in their education and treatment. They provide shelter to them who do not have shelter and provide foods and other necessary things also. They work to save lives of people and fight against the poverty. They try to develop the dignity of people and reduce the financial inequality. They want to gain the social justice for the development of the poor aboriginal people. They mainly focus on the girls and women so that they are not neglected and are not harassed due to poverty. According to Ananda, Hernndez-Garca and Lamberti (2014), the justice cannot be achieved until people get the equal rights, opportunities and comfort. Another focus of CARE Australia is the community who need helps and other facilities. Product CARE Australia provides the service to the people who fights with poverty and do not get facilities to lead a normal lifestyle. Care Australia is trying to organize a program on the protein deficiency disease. They want to provide education to the aboriginal people who are suffering from the protein malnutrition disease. They can promote a campaign for the poor people to check the medical condition and provide medication (Xu, 2015). The aboriginal children suffer mainly from the disease that cannot get proper foods like protein. They also provide the environmental protection to the poor people as malnutrition disease has a link with environmental condition. The poor aboriginal people need modification in their diets so that they do not suffer from under nutrition diseases. The staffs of CARE Australia are committed for the improvement of the lives of the poor people and communities that brings the compassion. Price According to Velema, Vyth and Steenhuis (2017) price is the thing that an organization needs to consider in order to gain the social marketing products. This can include the time, money and effort that an organization gives to achieve the products. However, CARE Australia will try to raise funds for the poor people so that they can get a normal lifestyle. They want to arrange the campaign and perform various activities for collecting the fund. To provide the facilities to the poor people, the organization needs to do various activities. The program costs of CARE Australia include the 90 percent of the expenditure (Brooks, Heffner Henderson, 2014). They can spend 3 percent of the funding to the talented people. This includes the educational and health programs. To organize the campaign, the organization needs a particular amount of money that is donated by the stakeholders. Moreover, they want save money from the campaigns also for the future campaigns. Approximately 7% of the fundin g they save to organize the future campaigns. They need to contact with their stakeholders as they need huge amount of money to provide medication and low cost diet. Place and Distribution CARE Australia mainly works all over the world where people need help. Mainly the working area CARE is the aboriginal places like the territories areas and refugee camps and aboriginal areas. The specific areas where they want to perform the campaign are the aboriginal areas of Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific countries (care.org.au. 2017). The Asia Pacific countries are Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Papua New Guinea. The African countries include Ethiopia, Niger, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan and Tanzania. The Middle East counties involve Afghanistan, Pakistan, Palestinian territories and Jordan (Santos Laczniak, 2015). Promotion Hollensen (2015) mentioned that promotion is the final P of the social marketing. Due to the visibility, sometimes it is thought as the comprising of entire social marketing. Promoting refers to the use of public relation, advertising, media advocacy, promotions and personal overview. The main focus of the promotion is the certain demands that can be created and sustained. CARE Australia can promote their campaign via the social media like Facebook and twitter to attract more people (Kotler et al., 2012). They can arrange meeting with media to promote their campaign. The organization arranges various promotional ads for TV and radio to attract people. Attention Grabbing Message The attention grabbing message of CARE Australia is it starts with equal. Evaluation of Effectiveness of the Message The attention grabbing message of CARE Australia provides a clear about the organization. It always tries to develop the condition of the poor, aboriginal people and women regarding health and economical status. The aim of Care Australia is very clear to provide equal right to everyone. The message suits the function of the organization. The efficient employees provide education to people and arrange campaigns for them so that inequality can be reduced (Kotler Zaltman, 2012). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that social marketing has a great impact on CARE Australia. They mainly raise funds for the poor people who are suffering from malnutrition and expense those funds in the wellbeing of the poor and aboriginal people. However, they select their employees only from Australia, which can be international to understand the international culture. The organization has various strengths with the weakness. Moreover, the organization has many opportunities to fight against the threats. They spend the money gained from the campaign for the development of poor people. However, they also try to save some amount of money for the future campaigns. They provide services internationally like in Asia Pacific countries, Middle East counties, African countries and emergency locations. It can be hoped that their social marketing campaign will develop the condition of poor people. References Ananda, A. S., Hernndez-Garca, ., Lamberti, L. (2014, June). RENL: A framework for social media marketing strategy. In1st Annual EDIM PhD Conference, Milan, Italy(pp. 11-12). Brooks, G., Heffner, A., Henderson, D. (2014). A SWOT analysis of competitive knowledge from social media for a small start-up business.The Review of Business Information Systems (Online),18(1), 23. CARE Australia - defending dignity, fighting poverty. (2017). CARE Australia. Retrieved 5 February 2017, from https://www.care.org.au/ care.org.au. (2017). CARE Australia. Strategy - CARE Australia Retrieved 5 February 2017, from https://www.care.org.au/who-we-are/strategy/ care.org.au. (2017). CARE Australia. Where the money goes - CARE Australia`.Retrieved 5 February 2017, from https://www.care.org.au/where-the-money-goes/ care.org.au. (2017). CARE Australia. Where We Work - CARE Australia Retrieved 5 February 2017, from https://www.care.org.au/where-we-work/ Carroll, C., C. Huang-Horowitz, N., Weberling McKeever, B., Williams, N. (2014). Key messages and message integrity as concepts and metrics in communication evaluation.Journal of Communication Management,18(4), 386-401. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kotler, P., Zaltman, G. (2012). Social marketing: an approach to planned social change.The Journal of Marketing, 3-12. Kotler, P., Roberto, N., Lee, N., Lee, N. (2012). Social marketing: Improving the quality of life. Santos, N., Laczniak, G. (2015). Marketing to the poor: A SWOT analysis of the Market Construction Model for engaging impoverished market segments.Social Business,5(2). Scott, D. M. (2015).The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. Scott, D. M. (2015).The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. Velema, E., Vyth, E. L., Steenhuis, I. H. (2017). Using nudging and social marketing techniques to create healthy worksite cafeterias in the Netherlands: intervention development and study design.BMC Public Health,17(1), 63. Xu, J. (2015). Designing messages with high sensation value: when activation meets reactance.Psychology health,30(4), 423-440

What is Art Argumentative Essay Example For Students

What is Art? Argumentative Essay Art can mean many different things to many different people and was one of the earliest ways in which man has expressed him or herself to others, whether it was through cave drawings or hieroglyphics. It does not begin or end with just drawing or painting, items typically considered art, or the many other recognized facets of art including architecture, drama, literature, sculpting, and music. The writing of Beowulf, one of the earliest known written prose, or the Greek plays which have influenced drama since their inception, are considered some of the greatest forms of art in history. Art can allow us pleasure just simply through the process of creating. Art can allow us to express ourselves to give us better insight into our own feelings. Art can, in contrast, allow us to stir emotions from within the viewer, occasionally leaving the viewer with an awakened or refreshed outlook. Some may only consider a work as art if it requires a particular skill from the artist, however, art can actually be viewed as simply another form of communication. We will write a custom essay on What is Art? Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now No matter what form this expression takes, whether dance, poetry or the painted canvas, people have reasons for pursuing the need to create. Dance, as a form of art, allows the person or persons to express themselves through the movements of their bodies, whether the dancing takes place on a stage, in a theater, or on the floor of a dance club. This non-verbal art form can allow a dancer to express stories and strong feelings of emotion, such as sadness, sexuality and joy or may just simply offer an outlet for energy. Dancing as a fine art can incorporate numerous other artistic outlets as well, ranging from the writing of the story, the music and the musicians, the designing of sets to the creation of simple or lavish costumes. This bringing together of artistic expressions from numerous other sources can be witnessed in other forms, such as plays and festivals, which allow a diverse collective to share thoughts and styles, these being the most public of art forms. Poetry is another art form that offers an environment to the creative or expressive need. Writing poetry can be used as an aid to help think through the conflicting emotions that accompany life. It is an art much as gardening is. An inspiration for a poem can be a seed. The seed is planted on paper and usually, though not always, after tending to it the seed begins to take shape until it suddenly blooms. Poems such as Byron’s â€Å"She Walks in Beauty†, Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and Shakespeare’s â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day† all began as seeds and have long since been considered works of art. Painting and drawing—probably one of the highest acknowledged forms of art—incorporates all aspects of the need to create. The artwork can be produced simply for the desire to create, whether it is just the study of the human body or the recreation of nature through the various colors, textures and the styles available to the artist. Nature, commonly reflected in paintings, serves as a great source of inspiration to artists. Painting can also allow the artist to express his or her own emotions by projecting them onto the canvas, demonstrating an ability to communicate thoughts and feelings through a material object. It is possible to express entire emotions, thoughts or stories within a frame, allowing the eye to capture everything that the artist wishes to convey, or more often forcing the audience to participate in the painting in order to achieve the meaning that may not be obvious from the first glance. Whether intentional or not, a painting can be one of the most stimulating to the feelings of an audience, sometimes leaving a lasting impression upon the soul that viewed it. Art may be described by simply saying that it is an act of expression used by a person. .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 , .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 .postImageUrl , .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 , .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15:hover , .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15:visited , .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15:active { border:0!important; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15:active , .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15 .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u31ffe4e2d18e031a52f77865f72bed15:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The gap between rich and poor in the world today EssayThis description prevents boundaries from binding any art form one may choose, because the potential of the arts are and should remain limitless. Critics have spent centuries trying to create a clear definition of art. There is not nor can there ever be a clear explanation because it is ever-changing and expanding beyond any confines people may try to impose, whether self-imposed or influenced by critics. Defining art is only limited to the imagination of the creator and audience. For something to be classified as art it is first dependent upon who you ask, which can not help but be influenced by their personal tastes concerning what they find pleasurable and what form the art takes that best suits them. When the flush of a new-born sun fell first on Edens green and gold, our father Adam sat under the tree and scratched with a stick in the mould; And the first rude sketch that the world had seen was joy to his mighty heart, till the Devil whispered behind the leaves, Its pretty, but is it Art? from Rudyard Kiplings The Conundrum of the Workshops.

Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essays

Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essays Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay Romeo and Juliet is an epic love story that climaxes in tragedy. The story follows two lovers from opposing families over the course of two days, and it features many twists and turns that always keeps the audience on its toes. In my opinion, Romeo and Juliet is one of William Shakespeares greatest plays. It features love, tragedy, comedy, action and a classic story that will never be forgotten.During this essay I will discuss the passions that are in this play, and how they feature. Are passions dangerous, and do they need to be controlled? Or are passions what make life worth living, and without them the world would be dull and meaningless? I will discuss both these questions, and try to come to a conclusion.Every character experiences some kind of passion during the play. Romeo and Juliet obviously both feel love, but they feel other passions such as anger, sadness and vengefulness. For instance, Romeo feels anger when Tybalt has killed Mercutio. Alive, in triumph! and Mercutio sl ain! Away to heaven, respective lenity, and fire-eyed fury be my conduct now! is what Romeo says when he eyes Tybalt after the killing. This shows how angry Romeo is at Tybalt. Previously, Romeo was speaking in kindness to Tybalt, telling him he loved the Capulet. Tybalt did not yet know that Romeo and Juliet were now husband and wife, and wished to fight the groom. Romeo declined, and Mercutio stepped forward. Mercutio was killed in combat, and Romeo became angry. In his fury, he killed Tybalt. This is a defining moment in the play because the fight resulted in Romeo being banished from Verona.Yet, as Romeo feels such anger at one point, he feels much loveduring another. Oh, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night, as a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear is what Romeo says upon seeing Juliet at the Capulet party. This not only demonstrates that Romeo thinks Juliet is absolutely beautiful; it also brings some poetry to the play. Throughout the s cenes, Shakespeare manages to add many pieces of poetry into the play, which gives the scene that little extra magic. This quote also highlights how passion is necessary at the right moments. If there were no passion during this scene, the scene would be pointless.I think it may be worth noting at this point that since the couple met, they have never held a real conversation. I think it is ironic how the two can tell each other they love one another when they have never talked about their personalities or lives. Whenever Romeo and Juliet meet, all they ever talk about is how they love each other and want to stay togetherJuliet has a wide range of emotions and passions throughout the play. She also feels happiness, but also feels sadness and deep sorrow. Is there no pity sitting in the clouds that sees into the bottom of my grief? is what Juliet speaks when she finds that she must marry Paris, even though she is married to Romeo. Yet she cannot tell her parents she is married, as the y can never know she is sharing her life with a Montague. I think she also feels anger towards her family at this point too. She cannot be with her love because of the families frivolous feud and she wants it to end. It is worth noting that Shakespeare never reveals why the families quarrel. I believe he does this because he wants to make the audience feel that the grudge they bear against each other is so old, neither families remember why they fight. I think this shows that angry passions do need to be controlled, as they can have dangerous consequences.Sadness features quite often in this play. Most characters feel sadness at some stage in the play. Once again, it is ironic that possibly the greatest love story ever written features so many negative feelings. Maybe Shakespeare wanted to teach us something about love; love can only lead to pain. While many good things come from love in this play, it all eventually leads to the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet dying. One could blame the ir deaths on the families fighting, but they would never have died if they had not been in love.The audience always knew that the play would be ending in sadness and tragedy. In the prologue the audience is told A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life, revealing that both Romeo and Juliet kill themselves. Therefore, throughout the play the audience always has on their minds that the couple will kill themselves before the end of the play. Even when the audience should be happy that Romeo and Juliet are in love, they always know that it will end in death. I think Shakespeare does this to keep the theme of tragedy running in the play, even at the happiest of moments.In contrast to many other characters, Mercutios personality rarely changes. At every appearance during the play, even leading to his death, Mercutio is witty and charming, his language filled with sexual comments. However, during Mercutios death scene his words become deadly serious. When Mercutio first appears, he is headed with Romeo, Benvolio, and friends to the Capulet party. Mercutio debates everything the sad, gloomy Romeo says and lightens up the mood with his wit. His upbeat personality contrasts sharply with Romeos melancholy. He counters Romeos every complaint with comment that is bound to make the audience smile. It is also ironic how Romeo is the main character and hero of the story yet the focus is always on Mercutio whenever the cheerful character is around.Mercutio dies in a very memorable way. He and Tybalt are duelling, and Mercutio is doing very well. Yet Romeo foolishly intervenes and Mercutio is slain. It is debatable that if Romeo had never got in the way of the duellists, Mercutio would have probably won the duel. However, Romeos new found love for the Capulet family blinded him and all that was on his mind was stopping the fight, no matter what the cost. This obviously shows that passions do need to be controlled in certain situation, as they can lead to this. However, if t he characters passions were controlled this scene would not exist. If they were controlled there would be no anger felt toward each other therefore this encounter would have been avoided.When Romeo tells Mercutio that the wound is not deep, Mercutio replies: No, tis not as deep as a well, nor so wide as a church-door; but tis enough, twill serve. This time, Mercutios wit is accompanied by a curse on both families. The wound is only small, but is enough to kill him. He says A plague o both your houses! many times before he dies. This shows that even when Mercutio has been witty and charming, he is angry with the families because of their frivolous row. As Mercutio is one of the audiences most loveable characters, this makes the audience angry with the families for such a ridiculous feud that can lead to such consequences.From Mercutios death, the plays tragedy doesnt stop. A vital character from the play is killed, and this triggers the tragedy. From this moment on, nothing happens t hat is celebrated. Many people are angry with Shakespeare for killing off such a cheerful and important character half way through the play. I agree with them.The friar is a close friend to both Romeo and Juliet. It is the Friar who agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet in secrecy, though he knows their parents would not consent. He also concocts the plan for Juliet to play dead and is supposed to get the word out to Romeo. He fails. I cannot help but notice that everything that the Friar touches goes wrong.I believe that the Friars passion is to bring the two feuding families together. This is why he marries the two star crossed lovers as he believes that it will bring the two families closer together.Romeo greets the Friar Good morrow, father, and Friar Lawrence responds by calling Romeo Young son. Though these exchanges are appropriate because of the religious context, this interchange has greater importance. It is not just the exchange between the priest and the penitent. The Friar a lso stands in for Romeos own father since there are no scenes between Romeo and his parents. The Friar is the only person to whom Romeo turns for advice, and he is the last person to whom Juliet turns after all others have forsaken her. In this sense, he is father to them both and responsible for upholding order.The Friar is always there to comfort and help the two lovers, especially Romeo. One part that stands out is in the Friars cell, when Romeo has just been banished. Romeo is having a tantrum, and is incredibly upset that he has been separated from Juliet and fair Verona. The Friar tells Romeo this: O deadly sin! O rude unthankfulness! Thy fault our law calls death; but the kind Prince, Taking they part, hath rushd aside the law, and turnd that black word death to banishment. This is dear mercy, and thou seest it not. The Friar is telling Romeo that he should be thankful and lucky to still be alive. At this point, The Friar tells off Romeo, and demands that he stop crying and a cting like a girl. From this scene it is obvious to see why The Friar is seen as a father figure to Romeo, as he is saying everything a father would say to his boy in such a situation.However, even though he is seen as a father figure, many of his ideas go awry. He is the person to suggest that Juliet should fake her death, therefore leading to Romeos death. This was obviously a ridiculous idea from the start, one that would never work. I think the Friar has a constant passion, one that is to try and direct Romeo and Juliet. This shows that passions need to be suppressed and controlled because he often leads the couple the wrong way. Ultimately, it is the Friar that kills Romeo and Juliet. He is the person to suggest the ludicrous fake death plan, and this drives Romeo to suicide. Romeos death then destroys Juliet.At the end of the play, the Friars loyalty is tested. He is in the tomb when Juliet awakes, and she spies Romeos corpse. Instead of staying to help, he hears a noise and f lees. How can someone seen as a father figure do this? Even though the two lovers regularly turn to him, his advice is usually bad and he proves how disloyal he is at the end of the play.Even though such terrible things can come from passions, I still believe that the world needs them. I believe that they could never be controlled as they put the excitement into our lives. Without passions, there would be no point in living. Without passions, life would be incredibly dull. We need passion to keep us alive. I believe Shakespeare felt the same, even though such feelings can lead to such disastrous consequences. As the old saying goes, what is the point in living if you cant feel alive? Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essays Romeo and Juliet Coursework Paper Romeo and Juliet Coursework Paper Act 3, Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet is one of the key scenes of Shakespeares play. Consider why this scene is so important and show how a production of it could be directed to create its full dramatic impact.Act 3, Scene 5 is one of the most significant scenes in the play. It is Romeo and Juliets last night together and Shakespeare has already shown us how risky it is for them to be together because of what has happened before the scene begins. The audience knows that Romeo should be out of Verona but is not, and that Lord Capulet wants Juliet to marry the County Paris on the Thursday of the same week. As we can deduce the whole play is kept in quite a short time-space. As the scene begins the tone is sorrowful because Romeo and Juliet both know they might never see each other again.In Acts 1 and 2, Shakespeare shows Juliet to be the centre of the events because he demonstrates how she is a young girl who has not experienced love until she meets Romeo, the son of her enemy. The playwr ight shows Juliet to be willing to accept the possibility of marriage to Paris, I look to like, if looking liking move, but when she meets Romeo she falls in love and Paris love does not occur to her. We know that Juliets mother would like her to marry Paris and Shakespeare reveals to us that Lady Capulet was married young. This means that she might be a little anxious as to whether Juliet should be married young as well, or she would just accept it as appropriate for her daughter.At the beginning of the scene, Shakespeare shows the audience Romeo and Juliet the morning when Romeo must leave Juliet. We later realise it is the last time that they see each other alive. Romeos words are dramatic and tense, this shows that something could happen, I must be gone and live, or stay and die. As soon as Juliet realises this as the truth she hastily tells him to leave, hie hence, be gone, away, this shows us how afraid she is of losing Romeo. When the Nurse enters she hurries things up becaus e she knows that Juliets mother is coming to see Juliet, this creates a sense of urgency and tension. Juliet, as she opens the window says, Then window let day in and let life out, this shows as daylight comes into her room, Romeo, her life must go.O thinkst thou we shall ever meet again? are some of the most significant words spoken by Juliet before Romeo leaves because Shakespeare shows the audience how much Juliet feels and fears for Romeo; she knows how dangerous it is to have him in her house and in her life yet she cannot bear to see him leave. Juliet also has a vision as Romeo leaves, As one dead in the bottom of a tomb, Juliet sees Romeo dead and this ominous thought gives the audience another reason to believe that something could happen.Once with her mother, Shakespeares use of language allows Juliet to be ambiguous for a lot of this scene, I will not marry yet and when I do, I swear it will be to Romeo, whom you know I hate. As an audience we realise this because Juliet i s married to Romeo and loves him, not hates him. When Lady Capulet enters, Juliet does not know the reason of why her mother has come to see her because Lady Capulet does not get straight to the point. What unaccustomed cause procures her hither? Shakespeare then shows Juliet to be crying, Lady Capulet believes it is still because of the death of Tybalt, Juliets cousin, evermore weeping for your cousins death? however, the audience knows that it is because of the loss of Romeo. Juliets relationship with Lady Capulet is distant, Shakespeare shows the audience this by Lady Capulet echoing Juliets words, let me weep for such a feeling of loss, so you shall feel the losswhich you weep for. During this dialogue with Lady Capulet and Juliet Shakespeares uses Juliets feeling to portray ambiguity in a large amount of what she says, I will not marry yet, and when I do, I swear it shall be Romeo whom you know I hate To create dramatic irony, Shakespeare presents a character that hates Romeo and one that loves him. With Romeo, till I behold him dead is my poor heart, Lady Capulet believes the Juliet wants Romeo dead, however the audience realises the Juliet is being ambiguous and would rather have a dead heart, so she does not have to cope with all the emotions she is during the play.When Lady Capulet tells Juliet the good news, Juliets reaction is not at all what she expects however Juliet does not know it was coming and so is panicked and shocked and so is too outspoken, now by Saint Peters Church and Peter too, He shall not make me there a joyful bride In the century that the play is set, this sort of comment was considered blasphemy, as it was deemed to be swearing by the church. I would have set this particular dialogue between Lady Capulet and Juliet to be distant and I would have the Nurse in the background wanting to interrupt but holding back because we know that the Nurse likes to talk when the subject applies to Juliet.During this scene, when Lord Capulet i s on stage, Shakespeare shows the audience how his anger builds because Juliet does not want to marry Paris. Capulet is surprised because during Act 1, Scene 3, Juliet is open-minded about the possibility of being married off, speak briefly; can you like of Paris love? I look to like, if looking liking move. Shakespeare shows us Capulets anger by making him echo Juliets words, I thank you not, and yet not proud.' Capulet also insults Juliet because he finds it hard to understand why Juliet will not marry Paris when he truly believes it is the right thing to do, out, you green-sickness carrion! However before Lord Capulet mentions the marriage to Paris, he seems caring because he says, evermore showring? In one little body which shows that he feels sorry for her. Shakespeare also uses imagery to show sympathy, Sailing in this salt flood; the winds, thy sighsShakespeare also uses Lady Capulets line to be dramatically ironic, Capulet asks Lady Capulet if she has told Juliet about the m arriage and Lady Capulet says, Ay sir, but she will none, she gives you thanks. I would the fool were married to her grave. We realise that Lady Capulet has little sympathy for Juliet because she had to marry young, and she knows that if she argued with Capulet she would not be being loyal. As Capulets anger builds, Shakespeare shows us the full extent of his anger, my fingers inch, which suggests that he wants to hit her but doesnt, however he knows that because he is the dominant figure in the house he has the most power and so Juliet should respect it. We also realise that Lady Capulet does not speak much because she has turned her back on Juliet.In this scene, when Juliet tells her father she does not want to marry Paris, Shakespeare shows us that Capulet cannot contemplate what his daughter is saying he only wants the best for her. As an audience we realise this because he loves Juliet being his daughter and so wouldnt think of putting her out on the streets or disowning her , we know this that he has only reacted like this because he is hurt and upset. Shakespeare has shown us Capulets love for Juliet in Act 1, Scene 2. Capulet and Paris talk about a possible marriage, however Capulet does not seem sure about the idea of arranging a marriage yet for his only daughter as she is so young, and too soon marred as those so early made. Capulet, during Act 3, Scene 5 hasnt really understood what Juliet has been saying but does understand the underlying meaning, how how, how how, chopt logic?Lady Capulet does not really say anything because she knows she is supposed to be loyal to her husband and go along with what he says. (In the times that Shakespeare was writing and has set his play, the wife of the household was expected to do exactly as the man desired and if that meant not defying him and not expressing her own opinions, she would not.) However, the audience knows that Lady Capulet would not want to hurt Juliet and so must be increasingly worried. I thi nk that this should be shown on stage if Capulet is up close to Juliet when the tension builds, and Lady Capulet could pull her husband away to show that she does not want Juliet to think that she does not care and so that Lord Capulet does not hurt Juliet physically.Later on in the scene when Capulets anger builds, we hope that he doesnt mean what he says but is just hurt and angry, hang, beg, starve, die Capulet also shows his dominance and authority by putting characters in place. In the century that the play is set in, men were the most important people in the house and so they could say whatever they wanted. Capulet speaks rudely and severely to the Nurse, but is allowed to because she is a servant, hold your tongue, peace you mumbling fool.We know that Capulet reacts the way he does because he is so surprised by what Juliet thinks and how she reacts to the concept of marriage to Paris. We know that he wants what is best for Juliet and so when she refuses to marry him, Capulets first reaction is that she is defying her father, Shakespeare shows us this reaction by the anger we see on stage.Juliets reaction to the proposal of marriage is as expected, the audience realises this because she has just spent her last night, perhaps for ever, with her love and now is being forcefully asked to marry someone who she does not have any feelings for. It is quite the opposite to earlier in the play when Juliet is open-minded to the idea of marriage but her change of heart is understandable.By the end of this scene, Shakespeare shows the audience that she is decisive by the way she tricks the nurse and the rest of her family into thinking that she is going to ask Friar Laurence for forgiveness, when the audience knows that she is going to see him for advice or a potion to kill herself, Ill go to friar to know his remedy; if all else fail, myself have power to die.Juliets mother, Lady Capulet reacts in a way that makes the audience wonder if she feels anything for Julie t, Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word. Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. She does not help Juliet and does not comfort her when Capulet exits. This could either be because she fears Capulet and so does not want to defy his wishes. Also Shakespeare may have wanted the audience to believe that she does not comfort Juliet because needs to convince herself, Lady Capulet was married to Capulet when she was young and so perhaps wasnt happy, maybe this means that she needs to grasp that it is happening to her daughter, Juliet.The Nurses reaction in this scene is not to be expected. She has been supportive of Romeo and Juliets love from the beginning but when Capulet puts across his point, the Nurses opinion changes. This surprises Juliet, that same tongue which hath praised him above compare so many thousand time. I think that the Nurses opinion changes because she sees Capulets reaction and is scared of his response if he found out that she went against his word, also it c ould be a practical response because the Nurse realises that Romeo and Juliets love has too high a risk and is pointless. Maybe she is also afraid of losing her job.During Act 3, thehs of major characters, Tybalt, Juliets cousin, and Mercutio, a friend of both families. We know that Romeo kills Tybalt out of anger because Tybalt kills Mercutio. This creates tension between both families, Lady Capulet wants Romeo dead and Juliet knows this, which is why she has to be careful when Romeo comes to see her. It is the Nurse that tells Juliet about Tybalts murder but still convinces Juliet to stay on Romeos side, which is why it is a surprise to Juliet when the Nurse suddenly chooses to tell Juliet to forget about Romeo. Act 3, Scene 3 is when Shakespeare shows us that Romeo does not know who to turn to for help and so seeks Friar Laurences advice, however by the end of this act it is Juliet who does not know who to turn to and so she too turns to Friar Laurence for help.