Thursday, September 19, 2019
Muslim Women Essay -- Immigration Islam Essays Papers
Muslim Women When I chose the topic of Americanization of immigrant Muslim women, I think I expected a straightforward, easy to categorize, research project. On the contrary, what I found was surprisingly different. While I think of myself as a liberal, open-minded female, this project gave me a very new perspective on myself and many of my views as well. Muslim women living in the United States are quite honestly more diverse, more complex, more structured, more contemplative, and more culturally intuitive than I could have ever imagined in my limited experience and knowledge of them. The ‘Americanization’ I sought to illustrate turned out to resemble something closer to a religio-cultural tug-of-war than the predicted homogeneous transformation, or adaptation, to our Western society and religious orientation.      The women whose lives I read about (individually as well as in group studies) seemed without exception to be in a constant state of tension from numerous external and internal sources. The many token examples of varying degrees of Americanization- or in some cases, resistance to this phenomenon- included, but were not limited to, wanting to uphold traditional homeland customs and practices; asserting new freedoms to take on more responsibility in religious and political arenas; working to improve traditional inadequacies of U.S. mosques to better accommodate women of faith; the dilemma of appropriate dressing for religious and professional communities; challenging traditional and current marriage practices and the difficulties associated with them; and maybe most significantly, combating the general naivetà ©, or even outright discriminatory ignorance of Americans about Islam. Considering the fact that Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world (between n ew births and the increasing number of conversions), and the United States is arguably the most influential and powerful country in the world, the last of these examples must, and will, be given some extra attention at the end of this paper. Finding Balance Between Islamic Tradition and U.S. Culture      Although almost every source I consulted stressed the progressive nature of the Quran and its ability to adapt to changing society, I found that a main thrust of the American Muslim communities was best exemplified in a quote from Carol L. Anway, that women strive toward â€Å"b... ...usaf Ali.†12-18. A.H. Jaffor Ullah, Ph.D, New Orleans,      Louisiana, 2001. . Anway, Carol L. â€Å"American Women Choosing Islam.†Muslims on the Americanization Path?      Ed. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John L. Esposito. Oxford, NY: Oxford University      Press, 2000. 145-160. Aswad, Barbara. â€Å"Attitudes of Immigrant Women and Men in the Dearborn Area Toward      Women’s Employment and Welfare.†Muslim Communities in North America. Ed.      Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Jane Idleman Smith. Albany, NY: State University of      New York Press, 1994. 501-519. Hathout, Samer. â€Å"Challenges Facing American Muslim Women.†     http://www.islamfortoday.com/americanmuslimwomen.htm.           Hermansen, Marcia K. â€Å"Two-Way Acculteration: Muslim Women in America Between      Individual Choice (Liminality) and Community Affiliation (Communitas).†The Muslims      of America. Ed. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 1991.      188-201. Smith, Jane I. â€Å"Women’s Issues in American Islam.†The Duncan Black MacDonald Center for      the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. Hartford Seminary, Hartford CT,      2002. http://macdonald.hartsem.edu/smithart1.htm.
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Oppression and Depression: The Effects of White Masculinity Essay
Oppression and Depression: The Effects of White Masculinity In Peter N. Stearns’ book Be a Man! he cites Nichols, Pleck and Sawyer as he makes the assertion that â€Å"Macho man, artificially and oppressively virile, asserts himself over hapless women and in fields of aggression ranging from big business to war, from raising of sons to the domestic cloistering of wives†(Nichols, Pleck and Sawyer). White men in America throughout history have guided themselves according to a particular set of social norms which defines their masculinity. Society embraces these defining characteristics and therefore sets standards for the men to live by and be judged by. John Steinbeck comments on the irony of these standards as he said â€Å"Men, kindness and generosity, openness, honesty, understanding and feeling, are the concomitants of failure in our system. And those traits we detest, sharpness, greed, acquisitiveness, meanness, egotism and self-interest, are the traits of success. And while men admire the quality of the first they love the produce of the second.†In this statement Steinbeck recognizes the double standard of society’s expectations, being that men should be honest and true to their morals, while at the same time rewarding them for the undesirable qualities. Although on the surface society emphasizes these positive traits, it defines men by the exact opposite, the cunning and unemotional ones. White masculinity is a set of expectations that have been instilled in every child as they mature, and therefore they come to expect this model to be achieved by every man. When these expectations become unreal, not only do the victims of white masculinity themselves suffer, but so do their spouses and wives as they are unable to restore... ...sister. Those statements are made for him by his surroundings and the other non-white male characters in the novel. White masculinity is the ideal that has young boys dreaming of becoming firefighters, teenagers idolizing Bruce Willis, and middle aged men dyeing their hair and getting gym memberships. Whether it is through the appreciation of the ideals of white masculinity, or the desire for the fulfillment of these ideals, society as a whole has embraced it and continues to encourage its existence. In recent years, indications have appeared of a regression in the application of white masculinity through the popularity of movie stars such as Leonardo DiCaprio playing sensitive roles (Malin 239). However, extreme cases of white masculinity have also appeared, in such acts as hate crimes, against races as well as gays, and exposure of sexual harassment cases.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Importance of Breakfast Essay
Studies have shown that person who take breakfast are more alert, with higher level of concentration and better problem-solving skills, and generally perform better in quality of work. The best time to eat breakfast is within an hour after waking up. After 10am, if people feel it is too late to eat breakfast, they can eat a healthy snack to give them some energy for the morning until lunch. If people having breakfast and develop a healthy breakfast routine, they will realize and understand the importance of breakfast. Let’s find out the importance of eating breakfast. To start the day, people need energy. One healthy way to get energy is through eating breakfast. The word â€Å"breakfast†literally means â€Å"to break the fast.†Breakfast provides your body and brain the nourishment it craves after an overnight fast. Having a meal in the morning helps you feel satisfied longer and helps deter snacking later in the day. Breakfast is essential to kick-starting your metabolism for the day. While you are sleeping and fasting, your body slows down many processes and burns less calories. Eating breakfast helps send the signal that it is time to bring these systems back up to speed so you burn more calories throughout the day. Now, you have know ones of other importance of breakfast, so let’s look another important of breakfast. Breakfast can produce brain power. Breakfast is your brain meal. When you wake up you have been fasting for about 8 hours. Energy giving glucose levels in your brain have dropped. The energy of the brain must be restored. Simply eating the right foods in the morning can maximize your brain power. Having a breakfast also can make your brain functioning at its optimal level. Your brain needs glucose to function, and after a night of not eating, your body’s stores have been depleted. Breakfast helps raise your blood glucose levels back to normal to give plenty of fuel for your brain to perform its best. The benefits of breakfast don’t just to get energy and to produce brain power. Regularly eating a healthy breakfast also help you to control the body weight. Eating breakfast may reduce your hunger later in the day, which may make it easier to avoid overeating. When the persons skip a healthy meal in the morning, that persons will pick snacks high in sugar and fat to curb the hunger. Another is healthy choices. Eating breakfast may get you on track to make healthy choices all day. When you eat breakfast, you tend to eat a healthier overall diet, one that is more nutritious and lower in fat. When you skip breakfast, you’re more likely to skip fruits and vegetables the rest of the day, too. Bear in mind that eating breakfast is important for your health. Without breakfast, it’s like climbing a mountain without any necessary equipment thus puts you at risk. The importance of breakfast is to get the energy, to produce brain power and help you lose excess weight and maintain your weight loss.
Monday, September 16, 2019
Expository Paper Essay
Everyone needs some sort of schooling to be successful in life. In school, students learn to read, write, process thoughts and ideas and apply knowledge to outside situations. No one can argue the point that school and education aren’t necessary, because the thought is absurd. In my opinion though, school had become a competition instead of an education. Students have become so focused on being the best in their class, having a GPA a hundredth of a point higher than their friend, being involved in extra-curricular activities, and obtaining as much knowledge to the point of just memorizing rather than understanding. Believing that an average public school education will give you the knowledge you need to be successful in everything that you do in order to make a living is an incredibly false perception. Schooling gives you an education which sets a foundation for like, but how will you live if you’ve never had to think about living? Life lessons are important, but if you’re too busy focusing on schooling and memorizing pointless information, when will you learn to live? You wont get anywhere without having a basic knowledge of people skills and what you should expect from life once you turn 18. These days, the prestige universities are more interested in students who are well rounded and have an understanding of the world around them. Having an understanding of how the world is and will be is ultimately the most important idea you could ever learn. In order to bring education back to its sole purpose, we have to drop the constant competition. The issue with trying to back off competition and return to the original purpose of an education is who will start the trend. People can’t drop what they’re doing and back off to think about the real meaning of education. Because of selfish ambition, that’s impossible. Reevaluation of the system of schooling and learning is vital not necessarily this generation, but our children, and our children’s children. If our year of teenagers is messed up by pressure of society, imagine 100 years from now.
Sunday, September 15, 2019
A Summary of Cubbin and Geroski
This article examines the nature of short-run dynamics in judging the profitability in the marketplace. The authors state that the dynamics of profits in the inter-industry averages, even between companies in the same industry, can be extremely variable.That is, although it is assumed that there is some homogeneity that can permit comparison between company profits within and industry that can then be used to create an inter-industry average, this homogeneity does not, in fact, exist.It is apparent that this flawed assumption has its roots in the â€Å"shared asset theory of profit determination†posited by Porter (1979) as a method of determining performance in an industry (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987, p. 427). The authors state that the flaw comes from assuming that the â€Å"intra-industry variations in profits are small and uncorrelated with market structure†(Cubbin & Geroski, 1987, p. 427), which, if this assumption is untrue, the industry-level analysis of the dynamics between companies is no longer of interest and is no longer of any value.In addition, Porter’s model seems to have failed to take into account the differences that exist between the industry leaders and the industry â€Å"followers†in terms of profitability and how that profit is made.The literature review for Cubbin and Geroski (1987) suggests that analysis of different industries show that market power gains are unevenly distributed between these leaders (the large firms) and followers (the small firms) in these industries and that the markets share that this power reflects is important in determining the relative profitability between companies (pp. 427-428).The authors indicate, however, that there are several assessment methods in terms of determining any individual organization’s profitability both on firm specific and industry-wide factors. These factors include:Co-efficients on variables, such as market share and industry concentration.An analysis of variance (ANOVA) framework that deconstructs performance variables into effects created by industry, firm, and market share.A dynamic model, which the authors suggest that a co-variance might exist between â€Å"profit paths†across intra-industry firms (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987, p. 428).The authors’ state their intent at this juncture; indicating that they intend to examine the importance of industry effect on industry profitability in the United Kingdom (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987). It is also at this point in the paper where the authors describe the form that the paper will take, explaining how the information will be organized and analyzed.The ModelThe model that the authors examined for the purpose of this paper is that of an individual firm (i) in a single industry (I). The current profit rate for i is then compared for the equilibrium profit rate for I, over a long term.According to the authors, it is unlikely that the comparison of the profit rate s for   and I will be equal to one another over the period of analysis for one of two reasons: 1) that there is no equilibrium in the individual firm’s profit over the long term, or 2) that the equilibrium profit rate for the individual firm differs from that of the industry as a whole. In addition, the ease or difficulty with which a firm can enter the market and other factors that affect doing business in that industry may have an effect over the rate of equilibrium profit.The authors maintain that the profit rate for the individual is determined by the equilibrium profit rate for the industry and â€Å"the dynamic forces that generate adjustment towards them within and between industries (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987, p. 429).Cubbin and Geroski (1987) go on to explain that one issue in this model is that tracking the factors that go into the dynamic may be impossible to measure, in part due to the difficulty in observing them.In addition, the actual entry of a firm in to an industry may or may not have an effect overall and may or may not lead to the existing firms in that industry–particularly, presumably, the leaders of that industry–to make strategic preemptive pricing moves that may effect the performance of the market before the new firm even has time to enter and disturb the equilibrium (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987).The authors propose a solution to control these variables. They first define â€Å"entry†into an industry as being when 1) new firms enter the industry, 2) expansion of incumbent firms, and 3) as incumbent competitors attempt to block new firms by uniting their production and pricing efforts (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987).This definition was left broad to â€Å"include all systematic dynamic forces interacting with profits†(Cubbin & Geroski, 1987). Entry might then have a strong impact if there are strong dynamic forces; however, weak dynamic forces result in the average industry profitability being af fected over a long period (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987).If a firm holds a strategic place in the industry and earns profits higher than those earned by others in the industry, then a response to this position might result in other firms in the industry might encourage â€Å"mobility†in the industry itself, with other new firms entering or incumbents restructuring to diversify (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987), which results in any of these actions having an effect on the individual firm.The basic model that the authors suggest using to analyze industry profits is arrived at after a series of equations that are eventually modified to take compare the vulnerability to the effects of entry on the part of the individual firm against the industry at large (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987), based on the movement created by firm and industry specifics.
Saturday, September 14, 2019
Describe a Few of the Interesting Characters in Your Class Essay
My class is full of wonderful characters that make all of us cheerful to study. There are twenty-two students in my class and only seven of them are boys. Our form teacher is Encik Azmi bin Nusi. We have a wonderful monitor who does every job given to her responsibly. She is Uma Devi a/p Nagiah and she never complains about doing jobs without an assistant. Most of the students are Malays. There are only four Indian girls and four Chinese students. Our class is one of the noisiest class because of the interesting characters we have. Uma Devi is chosen to be our monitor mainly because of her gutsiness to confront some of the rebellious students who are usually Azizi and Amin in our class. Were the students agreed? They definitely were. Hardly any objection was voiced to choose Uma as the monitor. With 170 centimetres tall and a loud voice that can crack any dreams, she is the perfect choice. Although this Indian girl is very strict, she also has a good sense of humour. That is why many of us cannot despise her for a long time. Moreover, she is very pretty with two long braided black hair and a smile, which is not very often she does. She seldom smile but when she does, it is just like a sun shining after down pouring rain. We will always feel very glad and relieved to see her smile. Her seriousness in doing her job is commendable and she is helpful too, to get a new dateline for our homeworks from the teacher. Due to that, we always admire and respect her. Describing the interesting characters in my class, I find it difficult to leave Rosmaliza behind. She is a very peculiar and interesting girl in our class. She is only 155 centimetres tall but she was slim with beautiful features. The sleepyhead in our class? She definitely is the one and only. We could not stop laughing when thinking about her embarrassing situations in our class. There was a time when Mr. Ling, our Additional Mathematics teacher was teaching in our class and dear Rosmaliza was sleeping. Mr. Ling noticed she was asleep and called out her name to wake her up and she did wake up. Waking up and mumbling incoherently, she suddenly stood up and towards the blackboard, thinking that Mr. Ling wanted her to complete some questions on the board. After some awkward silence, she returned to her seat looking red all over. All the classmates burst out laughing at her act. But she remained impassive, although her red face revealed what she felt. Another thing that we find funny is the way she laughed. It was loud and sounded like a cackle. That is so unforgettable and can be said as her ‘trademark’. The other character in my class that I found interesting is Fozie. He is quite a humorist with the loyal companion, Ja’far. Fozie is very funny and he could cause a hullaballoo with his spontaneous jokes. He is 162 centimetres tall and has a cute, mischievous face. However, he does not get into a lot of trouble with his mischief. He is quite adorable because of his helpfulness and politeness. He is surely the best guy in our class. Another thing that we found amazing about him is the way he mesmerized school’s juniors. Many students, especially girls from lower form adore and admire him. The reason? Maybe it simply because of his friendliness and some cute bangs over his forehead. However, he is a reliable guy that we could depend on to please some teachers whenever some of them are angry. All that I can conclude from these interesting characters is that they are wonderful to be with. Although some of them are weird, but the difference can only add up the speciality. Plus, they definitely bring colours of joy and mischief in our world as a student. Life in school would simply be so boring without them.
Corporate finance Essay
1 Bonds (3 points) A company aims to takeover one of its suppliers valued at 2 million Euros and is planning to fund the takeover by issuing three-year zero coupon bonds, each with face value C1000. After having their credit rating checked, executives have decided that they need to issue 2400 of these bonds to raise the 2 million needed to fund this takeover. What is the YTM of the bonds issued by the company? (a) 5.79% (b) 7.13% (c) 6.27% (d) 5.34% If the company’s credit rating changes due to recent earnings announcements and the YTM of the bonds should now be 4.4% how many bonds must the company issue to raise 2 million Euros? (a) 2351 (b) 2276 (c) 2248 (d) 2302 Suppose that the company may default on these bonds with a 25% probability. In case of default, bondholders will receive 60% of the face value of bonds. If the price of the bonds is same as in part (a), what is the YTM in this case? (a) 3.1% (b) 2.9% (c) 2.6% (d) 3.4% 1 2 Financial statements (4 points) Use the following information for ECE incorporated: Assets Shareholder Equity Sales $200 million $100 million $300 million If ECE reported $15 million in net income, then ECE’s Return on Equity (ROE) is: (a) 5.0% (b) 7.5% (c) 10.0% (d) 15.0% If ECE’s return on assets (ROA) is 12% , then ECE’s return on equity (ROE) is (a) 10% (b) 12% (c) 18% (d) 24% If ECE’s net proï ¬ t margin is 8% , then ECE’s return on equity (ROE) is: (a) 10% (b) 12% (c) 24% (d) 30% If ECE’s earnings are $10 million, its price-earnings ratio is (a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 20 (d) Cannot be determined 2 3 Capital budgeting (3 points) Fancypants Fashion is going to purchase new sewing machines worth 50 million Euros to manufacture purple trousers for the coming ï ¬ ve years, after which purple trousers will be out of fashion and no longer in demand. The machines will be depreciated on a straightline basis over ï ¬ ve years, and after ï ¬ ve years will be sold at an estimated 20 million Euros. The company estimates that the EBITDA from the sale of purple trousers will be 12 million Euros per year for the coming 5 years. The company’s earnings are subject to a corporate tax rate of 40%. If the ï ¬ rm’s equity cost of capital is 9.6% what is the NPV of this project? (a) 0.48 million Euros (b) 0.72million Euros (c) 0.26 million Euros (d) 0.92 million Euros Instead of selling the machines after ï ¬ ve years, the company can use them to produce grey trousers starting in year 6. If they do so, using these machines the company will generate free cash ï ¬â€šows of 2 million Euros per year in perpetuity, since grey trousers are classics and never go out of fashion. What is the NPV of the project if the company chooses this option? (a) 5.89 million Euros (b) 5.72 million Euros (c) 6.36 million Euros (d) 6.07 million Euros Suppose that the company has decided that they will use the machines to produce grey trouse rs after ï ¬ ve years. The company can ï ¬ nance the purchase of new sewing machines entirely by debt by issuing 5-year bonds with 6% coupon rate sold at par. Assuming this additional borrowing is project-speciï ¬ c and hence will not alter the company’s capital structure, what is the value of the project with the tax shield? (a) 11.56 (b) 11.94 (c) 12.25 (d) 11.12 3 4 More capital budgeting (4 points) Use the following information for â€Å"Iota Industries†(all ï ¬ gures in $ Millions) Iota Industries Market Value Balance Sheet Assets Liabilities Cash 250 Debt 650 Other Assets 1200 Equity 800 The company considers a new project with the following free cash ï ¬â€šows: Iota Industries New Project Free Cash Flows Year 0 1 2 3 Free CFs -250 75 150 100 Assume that Iota Industries has a debt cost of capital of 7% and an equity cost of capital of 14%. Furthermore, it faces a marginal corporate tax rate of 35%. If the project is of average risk and the company wants to keep its debt-to-equity ratio constant, its weighted average cost of capital is closest to: (a) 8.40% (b) 9.75% (c) 10.85% (d) 11.70% The NPV for Iota’s new project is closest to: (a) $25.25 million (b) $13.25 million (c) $9.00 million (d) $18.50 million The Debt Capacity for Iota’s new project in year 0 is closest to: (a) $263.25 million (b) $87.75 million (c) $50.25 million (d) $118.00 million If instead of maintaining a ï ¬ xed debt-equity ratio Iota ï ¬ nances the project with $100 million of permanent debt, the NPV of the project is closest to (a) $44.28 million (b) $48.10 million (c) $53.44 million (d) $48.14 million 4 5 Arbitrage (4 points) An exchange traded fund (ETF) is a security that represents a portfolio of individual stocks. Consider an ETF for which each share represents a portfolio of two shares of International Business Machines (IBM), three shares of Merck (MRK), and three shares of Citigroup Inc. (C). Suppose the current market price of each individual stock are shown in the following table: Stock IBM MRK C Current Price $121.57 $36.59 $3.15 What is the price per share of the ETF in a normal market: Assume that the ETF is trading for $366.00, what (if any) arbitrage opportunity exists? What (if any) trades would you make? 5 6 NPV and exchange rates (2 points) You have an investment opportunity in Germany that requires an investment of $250,000 today and will produce a cash ï ¬â€šow of C208,650 in one year with no risk. Suppose the risk -free rate of interest in Germany is 7% and the current competitive exchange rate is C0.78 to $1.00. What is the NPV of this project? Would you take the project? (1 point) (a) NPV = 0; No (b) NPV = 2,358; No (c) NPV = 2,358; Yes (d) NPV = 13,650; Yes Explain in a few sentences the intuition behind your answer. (1 point) 6 7 Options (4 points) Which of the following statements is false? (a) The option delta, ∆, has a natural interpretation: It is the change in the price of the stock given a $1 change in the price of the option. (b) Because a leveraged position in a stock is riskier than the stock itself, this implies that call options on a positive beta stock are more risky than the underlying stock and therefore have higher returns and higher betas. (c) Only one parameter input for the Black-Scholes formula, the volatility of the stock price, is not observable directly. (d) Because a stock’s volatility is much easier to measure (and forecast) than its expected return, the Black-Scholes formula can be very precise. The current price of KD Industries stock is $20. In the next year the stock price will either go up by 20% or go down by 20%. KD pays no dividends. The one year risk-free rate is 5% and will remain constant. Using the binomial pricing model, the price of a one-year call option on KD stock with a strike price of $20 is closest to: (1 point) (a) $2.40 (b) $2.00 (c) $2.15 (d) $1.45 The risk neutral probability of an up state for KD Industries is closest to: (a) 37.5% (b) 60.0% (c) 40.0% (d) 62.5% Using the risk-neutral pricing model, the price of a one-year call option on KD stock with a strike price of $20 is closest to: (1 point) (a) $2.40 (b) $2.00 (c) $2.15 (d) $1.45 7 8 Financial Distress (3 points) Suppose that you have received two job offers. Rearden Metal offers you a contract for $75,000 per year for the next two years while Wyatt Oil offers you a contract for $90,000 per year for the next two years. Both jobs are equivalent. Suppose that Rearden Metal’s contract is certain, but Wyatt Oil has a 60% chance of going bankrupt at the end of the year. In the event that Wyatt Oil ï ¬ les for bankruptcy, it will cancel your contract and pay you the lowest amount possible for you to not quit. If you do quit, you expect you could ï ¬ nd an new job paying $75,000 per year, but you would be unemployed for four months while searching for this new job. If you take the job with Wyatt Oil, then, in the event of bankruptcy, the least amount that Wyatt Oil would pay you next year is closest to: (a) $45,000 (b) $50,000 (c) $54,000 (d) $75,000 Assuming your cost of capital is 6 percent, the present value of your expected wage if you accept Rearden Metal’s offer is closest to : (a) $133,000 (b) $138,000 (c) $140,000 (d) $144,000 Assuming your cost of capital is 6 percent, the present value of your expected wage if you accept Wyatt Oil’s offer is closest to: (a) $138,000 (b) $140,000 (c) $144,000 (d) $150,000 8 9 Real Options (3 points) You own a small manufacturing plant that currently generates revenues of $2 million per year. Next year, based upon a decision on a long-term government contract, your revenues will either increase by 20% or decrease by 25%, with equal probability, and stay at that level as long as you operate the plant. Other costs run $1.6 million dollars per year. You can sell the plant at any time to a large conglomerate for $5 million and your cost of capital is 10%. If you are awarded the government contract and your sales increase by 20%, then the value of your plant will be closest to: (a) $5 million (b) $8 million (c) $0 (d) $4 million If you are not awarded the government contract and your sales decrease by 25%, then the value of your plant will be closest to: (a) -$1 million (b) $5 million (c) $8 million (d) $0 Given the embedded option to sell the plant, the value of your plant will be closest to: (a) $5.0 million (b) $4.0 million (c) $6.5 million (d) $8.0 million 9
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